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Title:KIBERNETSKE OPERACIJE IN UPORABA SILE V JUS AD BELLUM - APLIKATIVNOST OBSTOJEČIH MEDNARODNOPRAVNIH AKTOV IN MOŽNE REŠITVE
Authors:ID Topalovič Čapelnik, Mitja (Author)
ID Dežman, Zlatan (Mentor) More about this mentor... New window
ID Svete, Uroš (Comentor)
Files:.pdf RAZ_Topalovic_Capelnik_Mitja_i2016.pdf (1,29 MB)
MD5: 34534C89C9B88456A3F01BAED474A0F3
 
Language:Slovenian
Work type:Master's thesis/paper
Organization:PF - Faculty of Law
Abstract:Transibirski plinovod je leta 1982 doživel eno največjih nejedrskih eksplozij v zgodovini človeštva. Eksplozijo, ki so jo strokovnjaki po učinkih primerjali z odvrženo jedrsko bombo na Hirošimo, so zaznali celo ameriški sateliti v vesolju. Učinek treh kiloton je povzročila škodljiva računalniška programska oprema, ki so jo z računalniškim vdorom v informacijski sistem in s programsko namestitvijo sprožili kibernetski napadalci. Škodljiva programska oprema je s pomočjo sofisticiranega delovanja povzročila napako v delovanju črpalk in turbin v plinovodih. Kljub temu, da tovrsten napad na srečo ni zahteval človeških žrtev, je gospodarska škoda v Sovjetski zvezi bila enormna. Skoraj 35 let po dogodku kibernetski napadi postajajo ena največjih groženj tako nacionalne kot mednarodne varnosti. Države se vedno bolj zavedajo ranljivosti in pomanjkljivosti uporabe informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije, predvsem pa v ospredje prihajajo izzivi pozitivne identifikacije napadalcev, večdimenzionalnosti delovanja, dolgoročnostjo delovanja kibernetskih napadov ter implikacij na samo nacionalno tudi na mednarodno varnost. Mednarodnemu pravu, ki predstavlja sistem pravil, pravnih predpisov pri oblikovanju in reguliranju mednarodnih odnosov, prevečkrat nove tehnologije povzročajo nemalo izzivov ob iskanju ustreznega sistematičnega pravnega urejanja. Tehnični aspekt kibernetskih napadov je namreč strahovito kompleksen in generira takšne značilnosti, ki jih pravo v praksi do nedavnega sistematično ni uspelo regulirati in nasloviti. Odsotnost ustreznih razlag je v obdobju po letu 2000 sprožilo nemalo špekulacij o aplikativnosti obstoječega arzenala mednarodnega prava v kontekstu kibernetskih operacij. Združeni narodi so leta 2013 jasno postavili temelje obravnavanja kibernetskih operacij v mednarodnem pravu. Do takrat je na omenjenem področju veljala urejena zmeda, tri leta zatem pa se nakazujejo prvi pristopi obravnavanja uporabnosti mednarodnega prava v kontekstu kibernetskih operacij. Za t.i. urejenost zmedo so poskrbeli predvsem mednarodni strokovnjaki prava, ki so budno spremljali in raziskovali posebnosti omenjenih napadov in te poskušali uvrstiti v pravne okvire. Mednarodna skupnost v preteklih šestdesetih letih kljub vsemu ni naredila dovolj, da bi sistematično uredila razmerje med silo in oboroženo sile in s tem pripomogla k večji operativnosti prava tudi v kontekstu kibernetskih operacij. Vprašanja povezana s uporabnostjo Ustanovne listine Združenih narodov in telesa jus ad bellum pri naslavljanju podobnih napadov kot je Sovjetsko zvezo prizadel leta 1982, so hitro prerasla v iskanje nujne rešitve regulacije po napadih na Estonijo leta 2007 in Gruzijo leto zatem. Magistrsko delo prispeva k razumevanju interdisciplinarnega odnosa med kibernetskim okoljem, kibernetskim napadom s pravnega in politološkega vidika. Delo povzema predmet proučevanja uporabe (kibernetske) sile, ki smiselno zadeva izhodiščno problematiko presplošnega obravnavanja ključnih pojmov in konceptov raziskovanja. Tako se uvodni del naloge usmerja v iskanje interdisciplinarnega terminološkega ravnotežja, pri čemer so izhodišča za oblikovanje definicije kibernetskega napada povzeta skozi prizmo določil znotraj telesa jus ad bellum, Ustanovne listine Združenih narodov ter predvsem sodb in svetovalnih mnenj Meddržavnega sodišča. Omenjeno delo utegne nasloviti tudi ključna vprašanja aplikativnosti nekinetičnih sil, ki lahko v bodoče oblikujejo mednarodne odnose in konflikte.
Keywords:kibernetski napad, mednarodno pravo, uporaba sile
Place of publishing:Maribor
Year of publishing:2016
PID:20.500.12556/DKUM-61024 New window
NUK URN:URN:SI:UM:DK:J02F1NLE
Publication date in DKUM:15.09.2016
Views:1593
Downloads:196
Metadata:XML DC-XML DC-RDF
Categories:PF
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Cyber Operations and the Use of Force - Are Current International Norms of Jus ad Bellum Applicable ?
Abstract:The Transsiberian pipeline suffered one of the worst non-nuclear explosions in the history of humankind in 1982. American satellites detected the explosion, which experts compared to the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima in terms of impact. The 3-kiloton impact was caused by malicious computer software, activated in a cyber-attack that hacked the IT system and software installation. The sophisticated operations of the malicious software caused a malfunction in the functioning of pipeline pumps and turbines. Although this attack did not claim any lives, it caused considerable damage to the Soviet economy. 35 years after the event, cyber-attacks are becoming one of the biggest threats to national and international security. Countries are increasingly aware of the vulnerabilities and deficiencies of using information and communication technology, while the multidimensional and long-term aspects of cyber-attacks and its implications on national and international security are increasingly evident. International law represents a set of rules, legal regulations on the relations between subjects of international law. All too often new technologies, in the military the so-called revolution in military affairs, cause many challenges in the search for adequate (international) legal paths and solutions. Until 2013, when the UN defined a clear basis for the consideration of cyber operations in international law, there was an orderly state of confusion in this area. Three years later, there are outlines of first approaches on the application of international law to the context of cyber operations. The orderly state of confusion was provided for above all by international legal experts, who carefully monitored and researched the features of above-mentioned attacks and tried to place them within a legal framework. In the last 60 years, the international community did not do enough to systematically regulate the relationship between force and armed forces and thus increase the operational applicability of law. The technical aspect of cyber-attacks is namely very complex and generates attributes that were not encountered by law in practice until recently. The absence of adequate explanations caused numerous speculations on the applicability of the existing scope of international law to the context of cyber operations. Questions related to the applicability of the Charter and the jus ad bellum in addressing similar attacks to the one suffered by the Soviet Union in 1982 quickly resulted in the urgent search for a solution following the attacks on Estonia in 2007 and Georgia in 2008. The Master’s degree thesis contributes to the understanding of the interdisciplinary relationship between the cyber environment, cyber-attack from the legal and political science aspect. The thesis summarizes the study on the use of (cyber) force, which concerns the starting issue of a too general review of key definitions and research concepts. The first, introductory part of the thesis focuses on the search for an interdisciplinary terminology balance, whereby the starting points for forming the definition of cyber-attack are summarized through the jus ad bellum, the UN Charter and above all the rulings and advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice. The thesis could also address the main question of applicability of non-kinetic forces that could shape international relations and conflicts in the future.
Keywords:cyber-attack, international law, use of force


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