1. Evolutionary games on multilayer networks : a colloquiumZhen Wang, Lin Wang, Attila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2015, pregledni znanstveni članek Opis: Networks form the backbone of many complex systems, ranging from the Internet to human societies. Accordingly, not only is the range of our interactions limited and thus best described and modeled by networks, it is also a fact that the networks that are an integral part of such models are often interdependent or even interconnected. Networks of networks or multilayer networks are therefore a more apt description of social systems. This colloquium is devoted to evolutionary games on multilayer networks, and in particular to the evolution of cooperation as one of the main pillars of modern human societies. We first give an overview of the most significant conceptual differences between single-layer and multilayer networks, and we provide basic definitions and a classification of the most commonly used terms. Subsequently, we review fascinating and counterintuitive evolutionary outcomes that emerge due to different types of interdependencies between otherwise independent populations. The focus is on coupling through the utilities of players, through the flow of information, as well as through the popularity of different strategies on different network layers. The colloquium highlights the importance of pattern formation and collective behavior for the promotion of cooperation under adverse conditions, as well as the synergies between network science and evolutionary game theory. Ključne besede: kooperacija, sociološke mreže, evolucijske igre, kolektivni pojav, samo-organizacija, fazni prehodi, recipročnost, fizika socioloških sistemov, cooperation, social networks, evolutionary games, collective phenomena, self-organization, phase transitions, reciprocity, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.09.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 1
Povezava na celotno besedilo |
2. Improving equality in the education system of TurkiyeMahmut Özer, Matjaž Perc, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Success breeds more success, the rich get richer, and the powerful get even more powerful. These are often true in human societies and describe the situation where whatever advantages one has in life frequently beget further advantages over time. The social sciences often describe this phenomenon as the Matthew effect of accumulated advantage, and it is known as preferential attachment in network science. The starting point of the process is often due to the first-mover advantage, under which the first person that achieves something will receive recognition and praise at a rate significantly higher than a person who achieves the same at a later point in time. All this boils down to the fact that unequal opportunities early on in education can translate into greater inequalities later in life. A major goal in the Turkish education system is therefore to ensure equal opportunities as well as equal quality of educational processes starting in preschool and beyond. This study explores the thought processed that have led to the implementation of procedures toward this goal, compares the current state in Turkiye with other OECD countries, and outlines future steps that are in the making for reaching targets throughout the educational system. Ključne besede: educational equality, Matthew effect, cumulative advantage, preferential attachment, education policy, preschool education, educational systems, cooperation, social physics, government Objavljeno v DKUM: 27.05.2024; Ogledov: 226; Prenosov: 18
Celotno besedilo (395,05 KB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
3. Determinants of public cooperation in multiplex networksFederico Battiston, Matjaž Perc, Vito Latora, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Synergies between evolutionary game theory and statistical physics have significantly improved our understanding of public cooperation in structured populations. Multiplex networks, in particular, provide the theoretical framework within network science that allows us to mathematically describe the rich structure of interactions characterizing human societies. While research has shown that multiplex networks may enhance the resilience of cooperation, the interplay between the overlap in the structure of the layers and the control parameters of the corresponding games has not yet been investigated. With this aim, we consider here the public goods game on a multiplex network, and we unveil the role of the number of layers and the overlap of links, as well as the impact of different synergy factors in different layers, on the onset of cooperation. We show that enhanced public cooperation emerges only when a significant edge overlap is combined with at least one layer being able to sustain some cooperation by means of a sufficiently high synergy factor. In the absence of either of these conditions, the evolution of cooperation in multiplex networks is determined by the bounds of traditional network reciprocity with no enhanced resilience. These results caution against overly optimistic predictions that the presence of multiple social domains may in itself promote cooperation, and they help us better understand the complexity behind prosocial behavior in layered social systems. Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, networks, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 04.12.2017; Ogledov: 1271; Prenosov: 398
Celotno besedilo (1,05 MB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
4. Correlation of positive and negative reciprocity fails to confer an evolutionary advantage: phase transitions to elementary strategiesAttila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Economic experiments reveal that humans value cooperation and fairness. Punishing unfair behavioris therefore common, and according to the theory of strong reciprocity, it is also directly related to rewarding cooperative behavior. However, empirical data fail to confirm that positive and negative reciprocity are correlated. Inspired by this disagreement, we determine whether the combined application of reward and punishment is evolutionarily advantageous. We study a spatial public goods game, where in addition to the three elementary strategies of defection, rewarding, and punishment, a fourth strategy that combines the latter two competes for space. We find rich dynamical behavior that gives rise to intricate phase diagrams where continuous and discontinuous phase transitions occur in succession. Indirect territorial competition, spontaneous emergence of cyclic dominance, as well as divergent fluctuations of oscillations that terminate in an absorbing phase are observed. Yet, despite the high complexity of solutions, the combined strategy can survive only in very narrow and unrealistic parameter regions. Elementary strategies, either in pure or mixed phases, are much more common and likely to prevail. Our results highlight the importance of patterns and structure in human cooperation, which should be considered in future experiments. Ključne besede: public goods, punishment, reward, evolutionary games, collective phenomena, phase transitions, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.08.2017; Ogledov: 1276; Prenosov: 368
Celotno besedilo (667,46 KB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
5. Self-organization towards optimally interdependent networks by means of coevolutionZhen Wang, Attila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Coevolution between strategy and network structure is established as a means to arrive at the optimal conditions needed to resolve social dilemmas. Yet recent research has highlighted that the interdependence between networks may be just as important as the structure of an individual network. We therefore introduce the coevolution of strategy and network interdependence to see whether this can give rise to elevated levels of cooperation in the prisonerʼs dilemma game. We show that the interdependence between networks self-organizes so as to yield optimal conditions for the evolution of cooperation. Even under extremely adverse conditions, cooperators can prevail where on isolated networks they would perish. This is due to the spontaneous emergence of a two-class society, with only the upper class being allowed to control and take advantage of the interdependence. Spatial patterns reveal that cooperators, once arriving at the upper class, are much more competent than defectors in sustaining compact clusters of followers. Indeed, the asymmetric exploitation of interdependence confers to them a strong evolutionary advantage that may resolve even the toughest of social dilemmas. Ključne besede: coevolution, cooperation, interdependent networks, evolutionary games, collective phenomena, self-organization, phase transitions, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2017; Ogledov: 1329; Prenosov: 423
Celotno besedilo (887,51 KB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
6. Self-organization of punishment in structured populationsMatjaž Perc, Attila Szolnoki, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Cooperation is crucial for the remarkable evolutionary success of the human species. Not surprisingly, some individuals are willing to bear additional costs in order to punish defectors. Current models assume that, once set, the fine and cost of punishment do not change over time. Here we show that relaxing this assumption by allowing players to adapt their sanctioning efforts in dependence on the success of cooperation can explain both the spontaneous emergence of punishment and its ability to deter defectors and those unwilling to punish them with globally negligible investments. By means of phase diagrams and the analysis of emerging spatial patterns, we demonstrate that adaptive punishment promotes public cooperation through the invigoration of spatial reciprocity, the prevention of the emergence of cyclic dominance, or the provision of competitive advantages to those that sanction antisocial behavior. The results presented indicate that the process of self-organization significantly elevates the effectiveness of punishment, and they reveal new mechanisms by means of which this fascinating and widespread social behavior could have evolved. Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, punishment, phase transitions, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2017; Ogledov: 1203; Prenosov: 433
Celotno besedilo (1,22 MB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
7. Information sharing promotes prosocial behaviourAttila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: More often than not, bad decisions are bad regardless of where and when they are made. Information sharing might thus be utilized to mitigate them. Here we show that sharing information about strategy choice between players residing on two different networks reinforces the evolution of cooperation. In evolutionary games, the strategy reflects the action of each individual that warrants the highest utility in a competitive setting. We therefore assume that identical strategies on the two networks reinforce themselves by lessening their propensity to change. Besides network reciprocity working in favour of cooperation on each individual network, we observe the spontaneous emergence of correlated behaviour between the two networks, which further deters defection. If information is shared not just between individuals but also between groups, the positive effect is even stronger, and this despite the fact that information sharing is implemented without any assumptions with regard to content. Ključne besede: cooperation, information, social dilemma, public goods, interdependent networks, statistical physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2017; Ogledov: 1258; Prenosov: 446
Celotno besedilo (756,59 KB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
8. Evolutionary advantages of adaptive rewardingAttila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Our well-being depends on both our personal success and the success of our society. The realization of this fact makes cooperation an essential trait. Experiments have shown that rewards can elevate our readiness to cooperate, but since giving a reward inevitably entails paying a cost for it, the emergence and stability of such behavior remains elusive. Here we show that allowing for the act of rewarding to self-organize in dependence on the success of cooperation creates several evolutionary advantages that instill new ways through which collaborative efforts are promoted. Ranging from indirect territorial battle to the spontaneous emergence and destruction of coexistence, phase diagrams and the underlying spatial patterns reveal fascinatingly rich social dynamics that explain why this costly behavior has evolved and persevered. Comparisons with adaptive punishment, however, uncover an Achilles heel of adaptive rewarding, coming from over-aggression, which in turn hinders optimal utilization of network reciprocity. This may explain why, despite its success, rewarding is not as firmly embedded into our societal organization as punishment. Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, reward, punishment, phase transitions, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 30.06.2017; Ogledov: 1643; Prenosov: 421
Celotno besedilo (2,15 MB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
9. Wisdom of groups promotes cooperation in evolutionary social dilemmasAttila Szolnoki, Zhen Wang, Matjaž Perc, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Whether or not to change strategy depends not only on the personal success of each individual, but also on the success of others. Using this as motivation, we study the evolution of cooperation in games that describe social dilemmas, where the propensity to adopt a different strategy depends both on individual fitness as well as on the strategies of neighbors. Regardless of whether the evolutionary process is governed by pairwise or group interactions, we show that plugging into the wisdom of groups strongly promotes cooperative behavior. The more the wider knowledge is taken into account the more the evolution of defectors is impaired. We explain this by revealing a dynamically decelerated invasion process, by means of which interfaces separating different domains remain smooth and defectors therefore become unable to efficiently invade cooperators. This in turn invigorates spatial reciprocity and establishes decentralized decision making as very beneficial for resolving social dilemmas. Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, wisdom of crowds, phase transitions, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.06.2017; Ogledov: 1366; Prenosov: 406
Celotno besedilo (646,99 KB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
10. Sustainable institutionalized punishment requires elimination of second-order free-ridersMatjaž Perc, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Although empirical and theoretical studies affirm that punishment can elevate collaborative efforts, its emergence and stability remain elusive. By peer-punishment the sanctioning is something an individual elects to do depending on the strategies in its neighborhood. The consequences of unsustainable efforts are therefore local. By pool-punishment, on the other hand, where resources for sanctioning are committed in advance and at large, the notion of sustainability has greater significance. In a population with free-riders, punishers must be strong in numbers to keep the "punishment pool" from emptying. Failure to do so renders the concept of institutionalized sanctioning futile. We show that pool-punishment in structured populations is sustainable, but only if second-order free-riders are sanctioned as well, and to a such degree that they cannot prevail. A discontinuous phase transition leads to an outbreak of sustainability when punishers subvert second-order free-riders in the competition against defectors. Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, punishment, institutions, phase transitions, physics of social systems Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.06.2017; Ogledov: 1512; Prenosov: 368
Celotno besedilo (469,23 KB) Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |