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1.
Surface modification of silicone with polysaccharides for the development of antimicrobial urethral catheters
Matej Bračič, 2016, doktorska disertacija

Opis: In this work, alternative polysaccharide-based coatings were used to improve the antimicrobial and antifouling properties of silicone surfaces used for urethral catheters. The introduction of a catheter in the urethra is commonly connected with a high risk of microbial infections which often result in long-term health damage. Polysaccharide-based coatings like chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, and a synergistic formulation between hyaluronic acid and a natural lysine-based surfactant, were used to treat silicone surfaces to overcome the infection problems as an alternative to conventional approaches, which include the administration of antibiotics or coatings with metal ions. The polysaccharide-based macromolecular solutions and dispersions were firstly characterised by means of pH-titrations, dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the size of particles in dispersions and their pH dependant charging behaviour. The knowledge gained from this was used to thoroughly study the interactions of the polysaccharide-based solutions and dispersions with the model silicone surfaces. The model surfaces were ultra-thin films prepared by dissolution of silicone in toluene and subsequent spin-coating on quartz crystals. The influence of pH, salt concentration, and various surface activation processes on the adsorption behaviour was evaluated by means of a very precise quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. This knowledge was transferred to the application of the coatings on real systems i.e. casted silicone sheets and silicone tubes. The surface morphology, surface chemistry, as well as the mechanical and chemical stability of the coatings were further characterised on both model and real systems. For this purpose different microscopy and spectroscopy methods, pH-potentiometric titrations and methods for evaluation of mechanical properties were used. Finally the antimicrobial and antifouling properties were evaluated. The antimicrobial properties were tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, which are commonly found in infected urine, while the antifouling properties were tested by measuring the adhesion of bovine serum albumin, fibrinogen, and lysozyme biomolecules onto functionalised model films using the quartz crystal microbalance. The results showed that homogeneous and stable coatings can be achieved by adsorption from dispersions of the polysaccharide-based nanoparticles of 200-300 nm in size, which are formed by precipitation; i.e. careful pH adjustments of chitosan to pH = 6.5, carboxymethyl chitosan to pH = 7, and by mixing the hyaluronic acid and natural lysine-based surfactant solutions at concentrations of 2.5 x 10-4 mol/L and 1.25 x 10- 3 mol/L for the hyaluronic acid and 5.0 x 10-4 mol/L and 1.2 x 10-3 mol/L for the surfactant, respectively . The mass of the coatings on model silicone films can be increased by a 3-step adsorption, which directly influences the antimicrobial properties of the coatings that are improved with increasing coating mass, reaching values of up to 90 % in reduction of microorganism growth. It was also shown that the hyaluronic acid-natural surfactant formulation is superior to the chitosan coatings. The same conclusions were drawn from the antifouling evaluation where the zwitterionic nature of the formulation between natural based lysine surfactant and HA successfully suppressed the adhesion of biomolecules on silicone surfaces, while the chitosan coatings only moderately prevented the adhesion of proteins. One can conclude that the polysaccharide-based coatings can be successfully introduced to silicone surfaces from dispersion and as such successfully prevent biomolecule adhesion and reduce the growth of pathogen microorganisms which can be found in the urine during urethral infections.
Ključne besede: Urethral catheters, Antimicrobial coatings, Silicone, Polysaccharides, Natural surfactants
Objavljeno v DKUM: 24.10.2016; Ogledov: 2266; Prenosov: 236
.pdf Celotno besedilo (5,86 MB)

2.
Synthesis and use of organic biodegradable aerogels as drug carriers
Anja Veronovski, Zoran Novak, Željko Knez, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Aerogels of natural polysaccharides possess both biocharacteristics of polysaccharides, such as good biological compatibility and cell or enzyme-controlled degradability, and aerogel characteristics, such as very high porosity and specific surface areas that makes them highly attractive in drug delivery. Biodegradable alginate aerogels were synthesized via a sol-gel process. In the present work two methods of ionic cross-linking were used to prepare alginate hydrogels as monoliths and spheres, which can be further easily converted to high surface area aerogels. The aerogels obtained were further used as drug carriers. We investigated the effect of process parameters, such as starting concentration and viscosity of alginate solution, on synthesis products and on model drug (nicotinic acid) release. The results indicate that by using the internal setting cross-linking method for obtaining monolithic aerogels nicotinic acid was released in a more controlled manner. The aerogels thus obtained also exhibited smaller volume shrinkage than the ones described in other publications. However, with increasing alginate concentration in both types of synthesis more compact and cross-linked aerogels were formed.
Ključne besede: organic biodegradable gels, natural polysaccharides, aerogels, drug cariers
Objavljeno v DKUM: 01.06.2012; Ogledov: 2435; Prenosov: 110
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