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Capturing Conversational Gestures for Embodied Conversational Agents Using an Optimized Kaneda–Lucas–Tomasi Tracker and Denavit–Hartenberg-Based Kinematic Model
Grega Močnik, Zdravko Kačič, Riko Šafarič, Izidor Mlakar, 2022, original scientific article

Abstract: In order to recreate viable and human-like conversational responses, the artificial entity, i.e., an embodied conversational agent, must express correlated speech (verbal) and gestures (non-verbal) responses in spoken social interaction. Most of the existing frameworks focus on intent planning and behavior planning. The realization, however, is left to a limited set of static 3D representations of conversational expressions. In addition to functional and semantic synchrony between verbal and non-verbal signals, the final believability of the displayed expression is sculpted by the physical realization of non-verbal expressions. A major challenge of most conversational systems capable of reproducing gestures is the diversity in expressiveness. In this paper, we propose a method for capturing gestures automatically from videos and transforming them into 3D representations stored as part of the conversational agent’s repository of motor skills. The main advantage of the proposed method is ensuring the naturalness of the embodied conversational agent’s gestures, which results in a higher quality of human-computer interaction. The method is based on a Kanade–Lucas–Tomasi tracker, a Savitzky–Golay filter, a Denavit–Hartenberg-based kinematic model and the EVA framework. Furthermore, we designed an objective method based on cosine similarity instead of a subjective evaluation of synthesized movement. The proposed method resulted in a 96% similarity.
Keywords: conversational gestures, 3D gestures, motor skills, gesture reconstruction, kinematics, embodied conversational agents, Kanade–Lucas–Tomasi tracker, Denavit–Hartenberg
Published in DKUM: 20.01.2023; Views: 615; Downloads: 72
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Motor structure and basic movement competences in early child development
Rado Pišot, Jurij Planinšec, 2010, original scientific article

Abstract: Motor development consists of dynamic and continuous development in motor behaviour and is reflected in motor competences (on the locomotive, manipulative and postural level) and motor abilities (coordination, strength, speed, balance, flexibility, precision and endurance). This is a complex process in which a child acquires motor abilities and knowledge in interaction with inherited and environmental factors. A sample of 603 boys and girls, of which 263 were aged five (age deviation +/– 3 days; 18,5 ± 3,1kg body weight; 109,4 ± 4,3 cm body height) and 340 were aged six and a half (age deviation +/– 3 days; 23, 7 ± 4, 3 kg body weight; 121 ± 4,8 cm body height), were involved in this study after written consent was obtained from their parents. The children’s motor structure was established through the application of 28 tests that had been verified on the Slovene population and established as adequate for the study of motor abilities in the sample children. The factor analysis was applied to uncover the latent structure of motor space, and PB (Štalec & Momirović) criteria were used to establish the number of significant basic components. The analysis of the motor space structure revealed certain particularities for each age period. In the sample of 5 year old children, the use of PB criterion revealed four latent motor dimensions, in 6.5 year old children, the latent motor space structure was described with four (boys) and five (girls) factors. Despite the existence of gender differences in motor space structure and certain particularities in each age period mostly related to the factors which influence movement coordination, several very similar dimensions were discovered in both sexes.
Keywords: early childhood, motor development, motor skills and knowledge, motor structure, factor analysis
Published in DKUM: 21.07.2017; Views: 20294; Downloads: 214
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