1. A comparative study using two SEM techniques on different samples sizes for determining factors of older employeeʹs motivation and satisfactionMaja Rožman, Polona Tominc, Borut Milfelner, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The purpose of this article is to present the relationships among older employee stress, motivation, satisfaction, and relationships in the workplace using two different approaches and different sample sizes. Research was implemented on an initial sample of 1013 older employees. In the next step, six smaller samples were calculated using the random selection of cases, namely samples with 25, 50, 100, 250, 400, and 500 older employees. This way the possible impact of sample size on relationships between latent variables using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methods was assessed. The results on the larger samples have proved to be quite robust since they were confirmed with both approaches. They indicate that stress has a strong and negative impact on employee relationships and also a negative impact on employee satisfaction. Furthermore, employee relationships have a strong and positive impact on satisfaction and a positive impact on employee motivation. In addition, satisfaction has a strong and positive impact on employee motivation. The present paper helps readers to better understand the difference between the CB-SEM and the PLS-SEM methods. Researchers should be encouraged to use both techniques, even though CB-SEM methods have had a long tradition in management and marketing research since both fields heavily rely on psychometric measurement. From the organizational point of view, conclusions highlight the importance of the impact the variables of older employee stress, motivation, satisfaction and employee relations have on each other in the workplace. Ključne besede: stress, employee motivation, employee satisfaction, employee relations Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 6
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2. Analysing the relationship between hotelsʹ internal marketing and employee engagement dimensionsKristina Črnjar, Jasmina Dlačić, Borut Milfelner, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose – In the hotel industry, as in all services, the goal is to have satisfied employees who are engaged in their job. From a marketing perspective, one of the possible ways companies can achieve that is by adopting internal marketing practices. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to research the relationship between internal marketing and different dimensions of employee engagement (emotional, cognitive and physical) in the hotel industry.
Design/Methodology/Approach – The data was collected through a paper-and-pencil questionnaire on a sample of 573 hotel employees in Croatia. Adapted scales from previous research were used for measuring research constructs using the back-translation technique. Conceptual model and hypotheses were tested with covariance based structural equation modelling.
Findings and implications – The results show that internal marketing had a positive and statistically significant impact on emotional and cognitive engagement. Cognitive engagement, in turn, had a positive impact on emotional and physical engagement, while emotional engagement had a positive impact on physical engagement.
Limitations – The use of self-evaluations could potentially cause social desirability bias. The study is limited only to Croatian hotels, which might vary from hotel industries in other parts of the world.
Originality – This paper contributes to the development of internal marketing, as it identifies the relationship between internal marketing and different forms of employee engagement. Employee engagement is approached multidimensionally as consisting of emotional, cognitive and physical engagement. By distinguishing different engagement dimensions, the paper contributes to the theory of personal engagement with testing employee engagement concept in the hotel industry. Ključne besede: internal marketing, employee engagement, hotel industry, hotels, Croatia Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.01.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 12
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3. Integrating artificial intelligence into a talent management model to increase the work engagement and performance of enterprisesMaja Rožman, Dijana Oreški, Polona Tominc, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The purpose of the paper is to create a multidimensional talent management model with embedded aspects of artificial intelligence in the human resource processes to increase employees' engagement and performance of the enterprise. The research was implemented on a sample of 317 managers/owners in Slovenian enterprises. Multidimensional constructs of the model include several aspects of artificial intelligence implementation in the organization's activities related to human resource management in the field of talent management, especially in the process of acquiring and retaining talented employees, appropriate training and development of employees, organizational culture, leadership, and reducing the workload of employees, employee engagement and performance of the enterprise. The results show that AI supported acquiring and retaining a talented employees, AI supported appropriate training and development of employees, appropriate teams, AI supported organizational culture, AI supported leadership, reducing the workload of employees with AI have a positive effect on performance of the enterprise and employee engagement. The results will help managers or owners create a successful work environment by implementing artificial intelligence in the enterprise, leading to increased employee engagement and performance of the enterprise. Namely, our results contribute to the efficient implementation of artificial intelligence into an enterprise and give owners or top managers a broad insight into the various aspects that must be taken into account in business management in order to increase employee engagement and enterprise’s competitive advantage. Ključne besede: artificial intelligence, talent management, employees, employee engagement, performance of the company Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2024; Ogledov: 128; Prenosov: 13
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4. Maximizing employee engagement through artificial intelligent organizational culture in the context of leadership and training of employees : testing linear and non-linear relationshipsMaja Rožman, Polona Tominc, Borut Milfelner, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The paper’s main aim is to analyze five constructs of organizational culture, AI-supported leadership, AI-supported appropriate training of employees, teams’ effective performance, and employee engagement, and their relationship through the prism of artificial intelligence on a sample of large and medium-sized Slovenian companies. The second aim of the paper is to test the proposed model with two different statistical techniques in the scope of structural equation modeling (SEM) that enable us to assess linear (PLS-SEM) and non-linear relationships (CB-SEM) among the constructs. The empirical research included 437 medium-sized and large Slovenian companies. From each company, a CEO or owner participated in our research. The findings of the research with both techniques show that organizational culture had no impact on AI-supported appropriate training of employees and was not significant as well as that organizational culture had an impact on AI-supported leadership. The impact of AI-supported leadership on AI-supported appropriate training of employees were supported only for the PLS-SEM model. The impact of AI-supported leadership for employees on teams was positive. Contrary to that, the impact of AI-supported leadership for business solutions on teams was non-significant. In both cases, AI-supported appropriate training of employees’ impact on teams was strong and positive. Also, employee engagement impact on teams was positive and statistically significant with PLS-SEM and CB-SEM methods. The research yields important implications for companies seeking to integrate artificial intelligence effectively in their operations. It emphasizes the critical role of AI-supported leadership in driving positive outcomes, such as improved employee training and enhanced team effectiveness. Companies should focus on developing leaders who can leverage AI tools to foster a skilled and engaged workforce. By adopting data-driven decision-making processes and incorporating insights from structural equation modeling, organizations can develop effective AI integration strategies. These provide valuable guidance for enhancing human resource management practices and achieving successful AI adoption across companies. The findings contribute to the formation of new views in the field of artificial intelligence implementation in the companies and show companies a broader picture of which aspects of human resource management need to be improved. Ključne besede: leadership, organizational culture, employee engagement, artificial intelligent Objavljeno v DKUM: 22.04.2024; Ogledov: 185; Prenosov: 65
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5. Artificial-intelligence-supported reduction of employees’ workload to increase the company’s performance in today’s VUCA environmentMaja Rožman, Dijana Oreški, Polona Tominc, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This paper aims to develop a multidimensional model of AI-supported employee workload reduction to increase company performance in today's VUCA environment. Multidimensional constructs of the model include several aspects of artificial intelligence related to human resource management: AI-supported organizational culture, AI-supported leadership, AI-supported appropriate training and development of employees, employees' perceived reduction of their workload by AI, employee engagement, and company's performance. The main survey involved 317 medium-sized and large Slovenian companies. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The results show that three multidimensional constructs (AI-supported organizational culture, AI-supported leadership, and AI-supported appropriate training and development of employees) have a statistically significant positive effect on employees' perceived reduction of their workload by AI. In addition, employees' perceived reduced workload by AI has a statistically significant positive effect on employee engagement. The results show that employee engagement has a statistically significant positive effect on company performance. The concept of engagement is based on the fact that the development and growth of the company cannot be achieved by increasing the number of employees or by adding capital; the added value comes primarily from increased productivity, which is a result of the innovative ability of employees and their work engagement, which improve the company's performance. The results will significantly contribute to creating new views in the field of artificial intelligence and adopting important decisions in creating working conditions for employees in today's rapidly changing work environment. Ključne besede: artificial intelligence, leadership, employee engagement, company performance Objavljeno v DKUM: 02.02.2024; Ogledov: 338; Prenosov: 197
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6. How do job-related constructs determine employee turnover? : Serbian hotels exampleMarija Cimbaljević, Milena Nedeljković Knežević, Dunja Demirović Bajrami, Milosav Dunjić, Hamid El Bilali, Milica Rančić Demir, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In the hospitality industry, employee turnover is extremely high. It is often caused by minimal growth opportunities, intensive work, lack of flexibility, limited opportunities for promotion, lack of recognition, etc. Investment in human resources, strategies that maintain an adequate workforce and improve employee engagement is quite justified cost with multiple returns. The specific issue is that hospitality leaders often do not know the relationships between employee satisfaction, employee motivation and employee engagement, which may be the basis for understanding their intention to leave the job. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the three job-related constructs: motivation, job satisfaction, and work engagement, as well as to examine their impact on employee turnover. The results confirmed a positive relationship between job satisfaction and motivation, satisfaction and work engagement, as well as the relationship between motivation and engagement. On the other side, the results showed that job satisfaction, dedication, and vigor negatively predict employee turnover. The findings may provide hotel managers with a foundation to understand this issue and assume where to direct their research and how to improve job conditions. Ključne besede: job satisfaction, motivation, work engagement, employee turnover, hotel employees, Serbia Objavljeno v DKUM: 26.01.2024; Ogledov: 365; Prenosov: 7
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7. Decision support concept for improvement of sustainability-related competencesAndreja Abina, Tanja Batkovič, Bojan Cestnik, Adem Kikaj, Rebeka Kovačič Lukman, Maja Kurbus, Aleksander Zidanšek, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In this paper, we derived competences from previously developed competence models, ensuring the effective use of advanced technologies in future factories to improve the sustainability of their business models and strategies. Based on the analysis of the Hogan competence model and competence models for sustainability and leadership, we compiled a selection of competences for digitalisation, automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and soft competences such as emotional intelligence and cultural literacy. We also included competences required for sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and circular economy. The selected competences formed the core for the conceptual development of a decision support tool for the individualised selection of training for employees. The concept was tested in customised training to improve employees’ skills and motivation for lifelong learning at the selected industrial partner. The developed assessment algorithm was used to monitor the progress of individual employees’ skills development before and after their training participation. The results of the assessment help human resource departments make decisions for selecting the most effective and optimal training for employees to improve their sustainability-related competences. Such a systematic approach can improve and evaluate competences that companies need to transition to a circular economy. Ključne besede: circular economy, sustainability, competence development, employee training plan, decision support Objavljeno v DKUM: 26.07.2023; Ogledov: 469; Prenosov: 78
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8. How to strengthen employee engagement among Slovenian criminal investigators?David Smolej, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose:
In terms of providing security, employee engagement may be defined as an important contribution by individual criminal investigators or their physical, cognitive and emotional dedication to their work. Employee engagement positively correlates with one’s work, as reflected in the dedication, absorption, and psychological state accompanied by personal energy invested in the work. A fundamental question for the criminal investigation police thus arises of how to achieve maximum engagement and commitment in police work, which in turn will contribute to greater security in Slovenia.
Design/Methods/Approach:
The article is based on empirical research conducted among 160 Slovenian criminal investigators. We used Gallup’s Q12 Employee Engagement Survey to measure employee engagement.
Findings:
The research encompassing 160 Slovenian criminal investigators shows that most criminal investigators are disengaged. The research also reveals that employee engagement is statistically significantly correlated with self-efficacy, social undermining by one’s supervisor, social support by one’s supervisor and colleagues, as well as cynicism. To raise employee engagement among the Slovenian criminal investigators, we propose several measures affecting the conduct of the police, labour legal matters, operational issues and the leadership.
Research Limitations / Implications:
The first limitation is social desirability bias. The second limitation is a labour strike that was underway while we were collecting the data from the police officers.
Practical Implications:
The proposed actions should raise the level of employee engagement of Slovenian criminal investigators, while also enhancing the police service’s reliability.
Originality/Value:
This is the first paper to research employee engagement among Slovenian criminal investigators. Ključne besede: employee engagement, criminal investigators, cynicism, self-efficacy, social undermining, social support Objavljeno v DKUM: 15.04.2020; Ogledov: 1108; Prenosov: 63
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9. Employees: invisible added value of a companyMagda Zupančič, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In developed economies, where the work input exceeds the physical input, the lack of harmonised and standardised rules of human capital assessment is visible. The mentioned indicates the deficit of an important part of the comprehensive value-added assessment. What do we lose by ignoring the important part of the employee’s value added in the working process? Companies underestimate the employee’s human capital input. Consequently, society typically does not recognize invisible sources of value added in companies. The goals of this article are to highlight the missing human capital (HC) element at the company level assessment and to raise the awareness about its importance. By analysing existing methods of coping with the mentioned challenge, no harmonised solution is evident. By the increasing share of the service sector, emphasis on the HC element should be monitored more closely. The article focuses on the missing and invisible human capital elements in the framework of the value added; it offers suggestions for inclusion of the human capital factor in the process of company’s value added assessment as well as reflections on further steps in this direction. Ključne besede: employee, value added, human capital, assessment Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.10.2018; Ogledov: 1660; Prenosov: 368
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10. Work-life balance by area, actual situation and expectations : the overlapping opinions of employers and employees in SloveniaTatjana Kozjek, Nina Tomaževič, Janez Stare, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Background: The question of work-life balance (WLB) is an area where increasing attention is being paid nowadays. States, organisations and employees all have responsibility and a role to play in WLB. This article presents the important areas of the WLB by key players in this field.
Purpose:The purpose of the research was to compare and analyse the differences between the actual situation and the expectations of employers and employees with regard to specific areas of WLB in Slovenia.
Methodology: Data was gathered using the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method. In the first part of the research project, employers across all sectors of the economy in Slovenia were questioned and in second part focussed on employees. In order to verify the areas in which employers and employees agree and those in which there are differences in perception, multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used.
Results: The results of our research show that Slovenian organisations must pay more attention to flexible working time, the employeesʼ ability to take time off to care for family members, time and stress management workshops and paid leave for parents on a childʼs first day of school.
Conclusion: A significant role in WLB is played by organisations. The incorporation of WLB strategies into the strategic and financial planning of an organisation can, in fact, have positive business, economic and social effects. Employees have to express their expectations and needs, which is the only way that employers can be made aware of their problems and help with WLB. State responsibility is to encourage all social partners to shape the living environment in which employeesʼ can achieve a good WLB with an emphasison gender equality. Ključne besede: work-life balance, employer, employee, multidimensional scaling, Slovenia Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.01.2018; Ogledov: 1771; Prenosov: 259
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