1. Multiple quartz crystals connected in parallel for high-resolution sensing of capacitance changesVojko Matko, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: We present a new highly sensitive, low-value capacitance sensor method that uses multiple
quartz crystals connected in parallel inside the oscillator. In the experimental setup, the measured
(sensible) reactance (capacitance) is connected in parallel to the total shunt capacitance of the quartz
crystals, oscillating in the oscillator. Because AT-cut crystals have a certain nonlinear frequency–
temperature dependence, we use the switching mode method, by which we achieve a temperature
compensation of the AT-cut crystals’ frequency–temperature characteristics in the temperature range
between 0–50 ◦C. The oscillator switching method also compensates for any other influences on the
frequency of the oscillator, such as ageing of the crystals and oscillator elements, supply voltage
fluctuations, and other parasitic impedances in the oscillating circuit. Subsequently using two
50-ms-delayed switches between the measuring and reference capacitors, the experimental error in
measuring the capacitance is lowered for measurements under a dynamic temperature variation in
the range of 0–50 ◦C. The experimental results show that the switching method, which includes a
multiple quartz connection and high-temperature compensation improvement of the quartz crystals’
characteristics, enables a sub-aF resolution. It converts capacitance changes in the range 10 zF–200 fF
to frequencies in the range 4 kHz–100 kHz.
Keywords: multiple quartz crystals in parallel, quartz capacitive sensing method, temperature compensation, switching mode method
Published in DKUM: 01.04.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 3
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2. The impact of financial and non-financial work incentives on the safety behavior of heavy truck driversSebastjan Škerlič, Vanja Erčulj, 2021, original scientific article Abstract: The goal of the research is to determine how compensation affects the safety behavior of truck drivers and consequently the frequency of traffic accidents. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on a sample of 220 truck drivers in international road transport in the EU, where the results of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) show that in the current state of the transport sector, financial and non-financial incentives have a positive impact on the work and safety behavior of drivers. Financial incentives also have an impact on drivers’ increased perception of their driving ability, while moving violations continue to have a major impact on the number of accidents. The proposed improvements enable decision-makers at the highest level to adopt legal solutions to help manage the issues that have been affecting the industry from a work, social and safety point of view for the past several years. The results of the research therefore represent an important guideline for improvements to the legislature as well as in the systematization of truck driver compensation within companies.
Keywords: safety, truck drivers, financial incentives, non-financial incentives, compensation
Published in DKUM: 12.07.2023; Views: 481; Downloads: 39
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3. Obligatory insurance as a form of social engineering : a comparison paper between the United States, Italy, Aruba and PolandThomas Allan Heller, Silvia Rigoldi, Jessica Burgos, Mateusz Sasinowski, 2019, original scientific article Abstract: Insurance has been around for centuries. Traditionally, it has been purchased to protect the purchaser, namely, the insured. Over time, the insurance industry has developed an increasing number of products, so that at present one can purchase insurance to cover nearly every risk imaginable. The concept of mandatory or obligatory insurance is a fairly recent development. It traces its origins to the widespread use of the motor vehicle and also employment. Obligatory insurance is designed to protect certain classes of persons, such as workers and those who sustain injury and damage at the hands of others. In this article, the authors compare the current state of obligatory insurance in four democratic countries: the United States, Italy, Aruba and Poland. The aim of the article is to catalogue the similarities and differences in obligatory insurance in those four countries. The countries studied all have obligatory insurance designed to offer some degree of protection to workers injured on the job, and in the course and scope of their work, and to those involved in vehicular collisions. The other primary takeaway from our research is that, predictably, there is less obligatory insurance in the United States than in the other countries studied.
Keywords: obligatory insurance, obligatory motor vehicle insurance, obligatory health insurance, obligatory professional liability insurance, workers, compensation insurance, social insurance
Published in DKUM: 15.01.2021; Views: 898; Downloads: 22
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4. No fault compensation for medical injuriesVojko Flis, 2016, review article Abstract: For decades in both Europe and the United states , the issue of compensation for victims f medical injuries has led to lively debates. Many scholars have analyzed the adverse effects of the "tort system" (based on negligence standards and court proceedings) on the increasing costs of insurance premiums, on the patient-doctor relationship and the quality of care. These debates have led to changes in compensation in some countries. Compensation would be based not on negligence, but rather on a broader avoidable medical injury standard. Some nations have long operated administrative schemes based on no fault principle. No fault compensation model for victims of medical injuries might be characterized by the choices it makes regarding some key issues: (a) the definition of compensation criteria in particular the status given to fault; (b) the organization of the decision -making process. What type of body adjudicates medical claims? (c) Who finances the mechanism. What injuries are likely to be compensated for, to what extent and by whom? This article reviews the origins and operations of the no fault systems, the evolution of their compensation criteria, and how these criteria are actually applied.
Keywords: injury, compensation, liability, medical errors, negligence
Published in DKUM: 08.10.2018; Views: 1690; Downloads: 164
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5. The implementation of the antitrust damages directive in Slovenia : tensions with the (lurking) preventive character of liability in damages?Petra Weingerl, 2016, original scientific article Abstract: In December 2016, Member States need to implement the Antitrust Damages Directive. The Directive adopts the full compensation principle and expressly prohibits overcompensation. I will embark on an enquiry whether such an approach departs from the Slovene general regime of civil liability, in particular liability in damages. At face value, one might argue that the Slovene civil liability regime prohibits non- compensatory rationales for awarding damages. This article challenges this perception. It argues that there is a space for interpreting the rationale for damages in the Slovene private law, when this is justified with dissuasiveness and sufficient reasons are given, as well as embracing non- compensatory considerations, prevention and deterrence in particular. Regrettably, the judiciary does not necessarily keep in step with such an interpretation. However, there are tendencies in the legal scholarship to change the established case law. In this setting, the special liability regime based on the Directive, which prohibits overcompensation, can be seen as an exception to the general regime for damages awards in certain contexts. This approach is contrasted with damages awards regime in the labour law context, which is also based on the EU regulation. In this context, the Slovene legislator expressly embraced prevention and deterrence as rationales for the award of damages. Thus, legislation which is based on or influenced by EU law can lead to different outcomes in practice. It can either reinforce preventive tendencies of the general regime of civil liability or, as it is seen in the competition law context, undermine them. Nevertheless, the (proposed) Slovene implementing legislation opts for a solution that accommodates both the Antitrust Damages Directive and the general regime of civil liability.
Keywords: Antitrust Damages Directive, civil liability, damages, full compensation, prevention, deterrence
Published in DKUM: 02.08.2018; Views: 1149; Downloads: 81
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6. The curing of diallylterephthalate determination of the kinetic triplet A, Ea,app, ƒ(α) using the isoconversional methodDušan Klinar, Janvit Golob, Matjaž Krajnc, 2003, original scientific article Abstract: Allyl polymers are important materials for the production of high performance ophthalmic lenses by free-radical bulk polymerization in the casting process. Isoconversional model-free analysis was applied to the isothermal and nonisothermal curing of diallylterephthalate performed by DSC at different sets of heating rates. The results of the kinetic analysis in a form of kinetic triplet $(Ea, A, ƒ(α))$ present the variation of the Arrhenius parameters with the calculation method, reaction extent, process mode and heating rates applied. This variation is a sign of the complex and multi-step reaction mechanism. Such a mechanism was approximated with one step $(1-α)^n$ reaction model. With the isokinetic relationship - IKR (compensation effect) in the form of $lnA=aEa,app+b$ it was found out that the isothermal and nonisothermal IKR lines converge to different singular points. From the correlation procedure with the experimental data isothermal narrowest point – NPI was selected as a common point. The curing process in the isothermal and nonisothermal process conditions, respectively, was successfully simulated with the obtained kinetic parameters. The possible alternative reaction paths and the partial diffusion control of the curing process are the reasons for the limiting usage of the model-free kinetic analysis method. This method was mainly used as a preliminary step for further analysis with other methods.
Keywords: DSC, DAT, curing kinetics, compensation effect
Published in DKUM: 29.08.2017; Views: 1505; Downloads: 108
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7. Next generation AT-cut quartz crystal sensing devicesVojko Matko, 2011, original scientific article Abstract: Generally, AT-cut quartz crystals have a limited scope of use when it comes to high-precision measurement of very small impedance changes due to their nonlinear frequency-temperature characteristics in the range between 0 °C and 50 °C. The new method improving quartz oscillator frequency-temperature characteristic compensation is switching between two impedance loads. By modifying the oscillator circuit with two logic switches and two impedance loads, the oscillator can switch oscillation between two resonance frequencies. The difference in resonance frequencies compensates the frequency-temperature characteristics influence as well as the influence of of fset and quartz crystal ageing. The experimental results show that the new approach using the switching method highly improves second-to-second frequency stability from +/-0.125 Hz to +/-0.00001 Hz and minute-to-minute frequency stability from 0.1 Hz to 0.0001 Hz, which makes the high-precision measurement of aF and fH changes possible.
Keywords: quartz crystal, switching oscillating method, temperature characteristic compensation
Published in DKUM: 22.06.2017; Views: 1620; Downloads: 373
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8. High resolution switching mode inductance-to-frequency converter with temperature compensationVojko Matko, Miro Milanovič, 2014, original scientific article Abstract: This article proposes a novel method for the temperature-compensated inductance-to-frequency converter with a single quartz crystal oscillating in the switching oscillating circuit to achieve better temperature stability of the converter. The novelty of this method lies in the switching-mode converter, the use of additionally connected impedances in parallel to the shunt capacitances of the quartz crystal, and two inductances in series to the quartz crystal. This brings a considerable reduction of the temperature influence of AT-cut crystal frequency change in the temperature range between 10 and 40 °C. The oscillator switching method and the switching impedances connected to the quartz crystal do not only compensate for the crystalʼs natural temperature characteristics but also any other influences on the crystal such as ageing as well as from other oscillating circuit elements. In addition, the method also improves frequency sensitivity in inductance measurements. The experimental results show that through high temperature compensation improvement of the quartz crystal characteristics, this switching method theoretically enables a 2 pH resolution. It converts inductance to frequency in the range of 85-100 nH to 2-560 kHz.
Keywords: inductance-to-frequency, switching methods, dynamic temperature compensation of circuit elements, precision metrology
Published in DKUM: 22.06.2017; Views: 1075; Downloads: 350
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9. Greatly improved small inductance measurement using quartz crystal parasitic capacitance compensationVojko Matko, Karel Jezernik, 2010, original scientific article Abstract: Generally, quartz crystal inductance frequency pulling in oscillators is very low and therefore is not often used in practice. The new method of improving frequencypullability uses inductance to compensate for quartz stray capacitances. To this end, a special AT fundamental quartz crystal working near the antiresonance frequency is selected. By modifying its equivalent circuit with load inductance and series tuning capacitance, the magnetic sensing of the circuit can be highly improved. The experimental results show that the new approach using the quartz crystal stray capacitance compensation method increases the frequency pulling range by x 300 depending on the type of oscillator, making possible the measurement of nano-magnetic changes.
Keywords: quartz crystal, magnetic pulling, parasitic capacitance compensation
Published in DKUM: 22.06.2017; Views: 1696; Downloads: 351
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10. High-precision hysteresis sensing of the quartz crystal inductance-to-frequency converterVojko Matko, Miro Milanovič, 2016, original scientific article Abstract: A new method for the automated measurement of the hysteresis of the temperature-compensated inductance-to-frequency converter with a single quartz crystal is proposed. The new idea behind this method is a converter with two programmable analog switches enabling the automated measurement of the converter hysteresis, as well as the temperature compensation of the quartz crystal and any other circuit element. Also used is the programmable timing control device that allows the selection of different oscillating frequencies. In the proposed programmable method two different inductances connected in series to the quartz crystal are switched in a short time sequence, compensating the crystal’s natural temperature characteristics (in the temperature range between 0 and 50 °C). The procedure allows for the measurement of the converter hysteresis at various values of capacitance connected in parallel with the quartz crystal for the converter sensitivity setting at selected inductance. It, furthermore, enables the measurement of hysteresis at various values of inductance at selected parallel capacitance (sensitivity) connected to the quartz crystal. The article shows that the proposed hysteresis measurement of the converter, which converts the inductance in the range between 95 and 100 μH to a frequency in the range between 1 and 200 kHz, has only 7 × 10−13 frequency instability (during the temperature change between 0 and 50 °C) with a maximum 1 × 10−11 hysteresis frequency difference.
Keywords: inductance-to-frequency converter, hysteresis, automated measurement, sensor switching method, inductance, quartz crystal, temperature compensation
Published in DKUM: 30.06.2016; Views: 2085; Downloads: 458
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