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Abstract: On the 26 May 2023, the Convention on International Co¬ operation in the Investigation and Prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and other International Crimes was adopted in Ljubljana, Slovenia. This contribution focuses on how the Convention closes the existing practical and legal gap hampering cross-border gathering of evi¬ dence in investigations focusing on core international crime. To this end, the drafting process and goals of the Convention are briefly outlined, before the author dissects its general provisions related to each phase of a request for mutual legal assistance: issuing of the request, its transmission to the execut¬ ingauthority, grounds for its refusal, and the execution phase (including the speciality principle and sharing of evidence via CICED). The Convention also contains some particularly detailed rules regarding specific requested for in¬ vestigation measures. Clauses on hearings by video-conference and joint in¬ vestigation teams are particularly well developed and therefore analysed by the author. However, even particularly well thought out provisions can only reach their potential if the Convention is signed by a sufficient number of states willing to end impunity for core international crime. The author argues that, beyond these considerations, for WB states, supporting the Convention is also in line with the Western Balkans Criminal Justice initiative promoted by Eurojust. He concludes that, by signing the Convention, any state sends a strong signal to the EU and its citizens that is aligned with European values.
Keywords: MLA Initiative, core international crime, mutual legal assistance, international criminal law, mla convention
Published in DKUM: 16.10.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 1
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Abstract: The 2000 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography is considered one of the most widely ratified international treaties, promulgating the incrimination of customers and intermediaries in cases of sexual and other forms of exploitation of children. This chapter highlights its strengths and limitations. Special emphasis is placed on provisions prohibiting and criminalising practices covered under the Protocol, particularly concerning topical and divisive issues such as commercial surrogacy, virtual pornography and the maximum age of protection under the Optional Protocol. Moreover, topics such as sanctions and other substantive issues, jurisdiction, freezing and confiscation of assets, extradition and further instruments of mutual legal assistance, rights of child victims and preventive measures are briefly addressed. Where applicable, the contrast between the Convention and the Optional Protocol is emphasised, as the drafters of the latter opted for a more welfarist approach. This implies that the Optional Protocol drastically limits children’s agency to, for example, using explicit sexual materials in the context of sexting as a part of their sexual development. Recognising this issue, the authors argue against an unreasonably extensive interpretation of the Protocol’s provisions which concern practices that far exceed the exploitation or abuse of children.
Keywords: trafficking, illicit trade, cybercrime, exploitation, commercial adoption, commercial surrogacy, international law
Published in DKUM: 29.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 5
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Abstract: The publication focuses on the crucial topics of protecting children's rights in civil, criminal, and international law. In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, ensuring the well-being and rights of children has become more complex yet paramount. This comprehensive exploration delves into the multifaceted legal frameworks and challenges surrounding children's rights in various legal domains. From issues of custody and education to juvenile justice and international treaties, this book offers insights into the evolving landscape of child protection laws. With a keen focus on navigating the digital age's influence on children's rights, this publication serves as a valuable resource for legal professionals, policymakers, educators, and advocates dedicated to safeguarding the rights and welfare of children.
Keywords: civilno pravo, kazensko pravo, mednarodno pravo
Published in DKUM: 19.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 9
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Abstract: S povečevanjem števila kaznivih dejanj, ki po svoji razsežnosti presegajo meje ene države, je pridobivanje dokazov iz tujine postal eden izmed ključnih vidikov uspešnega pregona. Čezmejno sodelovanje v kazenskih zadevah se je gradilo postopno. Od sistemov zaprosil, temelječih na Konvenciji o medsebojni pravni pomoči, se je do danes v EU uspel vzpostaviti učinkovit sistem evropskega preiskovalnega naloga, ki združuje tako načelo medsebojne pravne pomoči kot tudi načelo vzajemnega priznavanja. EPN je poenotil in pohitril postopke pridobivanja dokazov iz tujine, ter tako pripomogel k učinkovitejšemu pregonu. Navkljub podrobni ureditvi omenjenega orodja, ostajajo nekatera odprta vprašanje uporabe EPN s strani obrambe. Določbe Direktive 2014/41/EU, v skladu s katero je bil nalog implementiran v države članice, ne dajejo zadostne pravne podlage po kateri bi lahko obramba direktno izdala EPN, brez naknadne potrditve takšne izdaje s strani pravosodnega organa. Dodatno, ni predvidene izrecne pravice do pravnega sredstva za izpodbijanje izdaje ali izvršitve EPN. Določbe direktive ne nalagajo državam članicam obveznost uvedbe drugih pravnih sredstev v postopkih z EPN, razen tistih, ki so po obstoječem nacionalnem redu že na voljo v podobnih domačih primerih. Varstvo in položaj obrambe se, navkljub harmonizaciji z Direktivo 2014/41/EU, precej razlikuje po posameznih državah, saj so dodatne procesne možnosti pri uporabi EPN v prid obrambe na voljo le v državah, ki so te omogočile pri implementaciji omenjene direktive. Čeprav je določen minimalni standard varstva, ki ga dajejo temeljne pravice in svoboščine iz Listine EU in EKČP, tudi za postopke z EPN, so omenjene določbe ohlapne ter dajejo državam članicam velik manevrski prostor, kako izpolniti obveznosti iz teh pravic. Pravica do učinkovitega pravnega sredstva iz EKČP namreč ne daje možnosti izpodbijanja ukrepa predvidenega z EPN pred izvedbo, vendar določa predvsem možnost nekega pravnega sredstva, ki je lahko na voljo tudi kasneje v postopku. V EU se še vedno pojavljajo primeri izdaje in izvršitve EPN v državah, ki ne zagotavljajo niti minimalnega standarda varstva v svojih kazenskih postopkih, zaradi česar je pridobivanje ali posredovanje dokazov na podlagi tako izvedenega EPN lahko vprašljivo. SEU je v zadevi Gavanozov II naredilo korak naprej in izpostavilo pomembnost obstoja pravnega sredstva tudi zoper izdajo EPN v nacionalni zakonodaji posamezne države, da lahko slednja v okviru medsebojnega priznavanja sploh izdaja EPN. Slovenija ob implementaciji ni predvidela posebnih pravnih sredstev v postopkih z EPN. Odsotnost pravic obrambe povezanih z EPN le v delu zapolnjujejo splošne določbe slovenskega kazenskega postopka po ZKP-1. Nasprotno je Italija ob implementaciji določila tudi možnost izpodbijanja potrditve EPN s pravnim sredstvom. Z upoštevanjem dobrih praks držav članic in pravnih ter praktičnih izzivov s katerimi se srečuje obramba, je na voljo še veliko prostora, za ustreznejšo ureditev pravic obrambe v postopkih z EPN v Sloveniji in na ravni EU.
Keywords: Evropski preiskovalni nalog, vzajemno priznavanje, kontradiktornost, navzočnost odvetnika, pravice obrambe, EKČP, Evropski nalog za posredovanje elektronskih dokazov, učinkovito pravno sredstvo.
Published in DKUM: 07.03.2024; Views: 453; Downloads: 157
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Abstract: This publication contains abstracts of contributions presented at the conference "European Investigation Order – Practical Dilemmas and Theoretical Considerations", which was held online on 8th and 9th of December 2020. Practitioners and academics from multiple EU Member States shared best practices and identified key shortcomings of the European Investigation Order. The event was executed as an integral part of the EU JUST project “European Investigation Order – Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas (EIP-LAPD)”, coordinated by the University of Maribor. The structure of the publication roughly follows the agenda of the conference. In the first part the future of mutual recognition and judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the EU is addressed. The second part is more closely focused at the European Investigation Order. Some theoretical dilemmas as well as practical considerations are presented. Lastly, some national reports which were drafted as a key deliverable of the EIO-LAPD project are also outlined.
Keywords: evropsko kazensko pravo, EU, čezmejno zbiranje dokazov, vzajemno priznavanje, dokazovanje
Published in DKUM: 22.06.2021; Views: 1355; Downloads: 34
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