1. Modeling and multi-objective optimization of forward osmosis processTina Kegl, Jasmina Korenak, Hermina Bukšek, Irena Petrinić, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In order to ensure efficient wastewater treatment and seawater desalination, adequate modeling and optimization of the forward osmosis (FO) process has the potential to be very helpful. This paper deals with the FO model parameters calibration and FO process optimization by a gradient-based optimization method. For this purpose, an upgraded FO model, which involves temperature- and agent-dependent parameters, was developed. The FO model calibration was done using NaCl as agents in draw solution, while MgCl2 was used for model validation. The agreements between simulated and measured FO performance were satisfactory; relative index of agreement are higher than 0.99. By using the proposed FO model, the optimization of FO process conditions was performed with various definitions of the objective and constraint functions. In case of maximizing the water flux, minimizing reverse solute flux, and fulfilling the required constraints, the ratio of water flux and reverse solute flux increased up to 40 % for NaCl and up to 20 % for MgCl2; meanwhile the effective osmotic pressure difference was improved 2-times for NaCl and up to 3.8-times for MgCl2. The optimization process proved to be stable and efficient and can easily be adapted or upgraded for more complex dynamic FO modeling.
Ključne besede: forward osmosis, modeling, model and process parameters, calibration procedure, gadient-based optimization
Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.08.2024; Ogledov: 67; Prenosov: 8
 Celotno besedilo (12,72 MB) |
2. Thermal study of APTES-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with citric acid and polyacrylic acid for advanced forward osmosis systemsMatjaž Kristl, Urška Ostroško, Irena Ban, Irena Petrinić, Janja Stergar, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Iron-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted considerable attention as promising draw solutes in forward osmosis processes due to various advantages. In the present study, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MNPs) with diameters in the range of 12±2 nm were synthesized by applying the coprecipitation method and stabilized using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). The amino groups of APTES were further functionalized with various amounts of citric acid (CA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to achieve higher osmotic pressure. The as-prepared and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized using diferent methods: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confrmed the binding of APTES and CA/PAA on the surface of the MNPs, while the size of the particles was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder difraction. The isoelectric point, zeta potential, and the particle size in suspension were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS)/zeta potential measuring system. The amount of free –COOH groups was determined by conductometric titrations. The amount of organic matter (APTES, CA, and PAA) bound on the surface was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), giving results between 7.6% for samples stabilized with APTES only and 17.5% for samples functionalized with APTES+PAA. TG provides a simple and efcient method for determining the amount of organic compounds bound to the surface of MNPs. The osmotic pressure measurements of double-layer coated MNPs provided encouraging results of up to 28 bar, enabling using the samples as draw solutions in an experimental forward osmosis system.
Ključne besede: magnetic nanoparticles, magnetite, citrit acid, poly(acrylic acid), forward osmosis
Objavljeno v DKUM: 14.08.2024; Ogledov: 105; Prenosov: 3
Celotno besedilo (2,04 MB) |
3. Microwave Synthesis of Poly(Acrylic) Acid-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as Draw Solutes in Forward OsmosisSabina Vohl, Irena Ban, Mihael Drofenik, Hermina Bukšek, Sašo Gyergyek, Irena Petrinić, Claus Hélix-Nielsen, Janja Stergar, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP@PAA) were synthesized and evaluated as draw solutes in the forward osmosis (FO) process. MNP@PAA were synthesized by microwave irradiation and chemical co-precipitation from aqueous solutions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ salts. The results showed that the synthesized MNPs have spherical shapes of maghemite Fe2O3 and superparamagnetic properties, which allow draw solution (DS) recovery using an external magnetic field. Synthesized MNP, coated with PAA, yielded an osmotic pressure of ~12.8 bar at a 0.7% concentration, resulting in an initial water flux of 8.1 LMH. The MNP@PAA particles were captured by an external magnetic field, rinsed in ethanol, and re-concentrated as DS in repetitive FO experiments with deionized water as a feed solution (FS). The osmotic pressure of the re-concentrated DS was 4.1 bar at a 0.35% concentration, resulting in an initial water flux of 2.1 LMH. Taken together, the results show the feasibility of using MNP@PAA particles as draw solutes.
Ključne besede: magnetic nanoparticles, microwave synthesis, polyacrilic acid, osmotic pressure, draw solution, forward osmosis
Objavljeno v DKUM: 05.12.2023; Ogledov: 433; Prenosov: 17
Celotno besedilo (3,00 MB)
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4. Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with covalently bonded polyacrylic acid for use as forward osmosis draw agentsIrena Ban, Mihael Drofenik, Hermina Bukšek, Irena Petrinić, Claus Hélix-Nielsen, Sabina Vohl, Sašo Gyergyek, Janja Stergar, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Multicoated magnetite (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a terminal hydrophilic ligand were synthesized and examined for use as a draw solution (DS) agent in forward osmosis (FO). After coating superparamagnetic iron-oxide MNPs with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) the carboxyl groups of PAA were bound to APTES amino groups via the crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) forming a peptide bond resulting in stable water-soluble particles (MNP@APTES@PAA) with a concentration-normalised osmotic pressure of 1.56 bar L g−1. The MNP@APTES@PAA solution was evaluated as a DS in two FO filtrations with deionized (DI) water as a feed solution (FS): one using freshly prepared MNP@APTES@PAA and one using magnetically recovered (re-concentrated) MNP@APTES@PAA. The resulting MNP@APTES@PAA nanocomposites exhibit good colloidal stability in aqueous solution with a concentration-normalized osmotic pressure of 1.56 bar L g−1. This is 12-fold higher than that in our previous studies of poly-sodium-acrylate coated MNPs and 3-fold higher than that of citric acid coated MNPs. The water recoveries of the two filtrations were 25.7% and 13.6%, respectively, after 2 h of FO filtration time resulting in a DS osmotic pressure of 2.5 bar with a concentration of 4.3 g L−1 and a DS osmotic pressure of 2.6 with a concentration of 3.7 g L−1 respectively.
Ključne besede: magnetic nanoparticle, forward osmosis, draw solution, osmose
Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.08.2023; Ogledov: 424; Prenosov: 9
Celotno besedilo (1,92 MB)
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8. Uporaba procesa osmoze za koncentriranje kisle sirotke : diplomsko delo univerzitetnega študijskega programa I. stopnjeTomaž Gabrovec, 2022, diplomsko delo Opis: Kisla sirotka, kot stranski produkt mlekarske industrije, ne predstavlja samo vse večjega okoljskega problema, ampak je tudi potencialno pomemben vir različnih nutrientov. Namen tega diplomskega dela je bil proučiti uporabnost procesa osmoze za koncentriranje kisle sirotke, proizvedene na območju Slovenije. Kot polprepustno membrano pri delu smo uporabili votlo-vlaknasto biomimetično akvaporinsko membrano, z vgrajenimi molekulami proteina akvaporina v njeno notranjo strukturo. Prav tako je bila testirana uporabnost 1 M natrijevega klorida, 1 M kuhinjske soli, morske vode ter 1,36 M amonijevega hidrogenkarbonata kot gonilne raztopine. Uspešnost procesa koncentriranja je bila spremljana z meritvami fluksa vode, osmotskega tlaka, povratnega fluksa topljenca ter vsebnosti beljakovine laktoferina v vhodni raztopini. Med testiranimi gonilnimi raztopinami je najslabše lastnosti izkazala raztopina 1,36 M amonijevega hidrogenkarbonata. Po drugi strani pa, pri uporabi 1 M natrijevega klorida in 1 molarne kuhinjske soli kot gonilnih raztopin, ni bilo opaziti razlik v izrabi procesa niti v delovanju same membrane. Pri poskusih z morsko vodo smo dobili nekoliko slabše rezultate v primerjavi z natrijevim kloridom in kuhinjsko soljo kot gonilno raztopino in je lahko z ekonomskega vidika dobra alternativa za uporabo v procesu osmoze, glede na njeno razširjenost po svetu. Da bi izkoristili potencial akvaporinske membrane v procesu osmoze, je bilo potrebno po vsaki filtraciji očistiti njeno površino. V naši raziskavi je bilo ustrezno čiščenje doseženo le z uporabo deionizirane vode. Rezultati te študije so pokazali, da se proces osmoze lahko uporabi za obdelavo oziroma koncentriranje stranskih produktov mlekarske industrije (predvsem kisle sirotke), z namenom pridobitve novih izdelkov z dodano tržno vrednostjo.
Ključne besede: osmoza, votlo-vlaknaste membrane, gonilna raztopina, sirotkine beljakovine, laktoferin, tekočinska kromatografija visoke ločljivosti
Objavljeno v DKUM: 29.03.2022; Ogledov: 919; Prenosov: 61
Celotno besedilo (9,15 MB) |
9. Izzivi in potenciali uporabe procesa osmoze pri obdelavi tekstilnih odpadnih voda : magistrsko deloRebeka Kogelnik, 2021, magistrsko delo Opis: Tekstilne industrije po vsem svetu letno proizvedejo ogromne količine odpadnih voda. Te pa zaradi svoje onesnaženosti predstavljajo velik okoljski problem. Proces osmoze pa zaradi ekonomičnosti in učinkovitosti v zadnjih letih kaže velik potencial pri obdelavi odpadnih voda. V magistrski nalogi so predstavljeni rezultati obdelave sintetičnih tekstilnih odpadnih voda s procesom osmoze. Tekstilne vode so bile pripravljene po recepturi iz industrijskega tekstilnega obrata v tovarni Galeb d.d. v Omišu, na Hrvaškem. Pri procesu osmoze smo uporabljali biomimetične membrane z vstavljenimi molekulami proteina akvaporina. Zanimalo nas je, kako na proces vpliva spreminjanje različnih parametrov filtracije. Spreminjali smo pH vhodne raztopine, pretok črpalke, koncentracijo barvila, koncentracijo in vrsto gonilne raztopine, volumen raztopin in smer toka. Rezultati kažejo, da je proces osmoze učinkovit pri obdelavi tekstilnih odpadnih voda. Na proces bistveno vpliva izbor primerne gonilne sile, zagotoviti pa je potrebno dovolj visoko razliko v osmotskih tlakih med vhodno in gonilno raztopino.
Ključne besede: proces osmoze, tekstilna odpadna voda, reaktivna barvila, biomimetične membrane
Objavljeno v DKUM: 26.05.2021; Ogledov: 1083; Prenosov: 136
Celotno besedilo (11,52 MB) |
10. Proučevanje metod in postopkov čiščenja keramične membrane po mikrofiltraciji surove sirotke : diplomsko delo univerzitetnega študijskega programa I. stopnjeŽan Brinovšek, 2020, diplomsko delo Opis: Sirotka je eden od proizvodov pri proizvodnji sira v mlekarski industriji. Sestavine sirotke se obravnavajo kot sestavine z dodano vrednostjo v formulah za dojenčke, hrani in pijači za športno prehrano ter drugih živilskih izdelkih. Sirotka je vir raznovrstnih biološko aktivnih spojin z edinstvenimi funkcionalnimi lastnostmi in omogoča živilski industriji, da razvije funkcionalna živila s potencialnimi zdravstvenimi koristmi. Sirotka je sestavljena iz različnih komponent, kot so proteini, mineralne soli, laktoza, mlečna maščoba, mikroorganizmi in ostale snovi (Barukcic et al., 2014). Za svežo sirotko je značilno, da je zelo dovzetna za kvarjenje zaradi prisotnosti mikroorganizmov, zato je potrebno, da jo hranimo pri ustreznih pogojih. V mlekarski industriji se pogosto uporabljajo postopki mikrofiltracije (MF) in ultrafiltracije (UF), kjer se MF uporablja za odstranitev mikroorganizmov, bakterij in nečistoč, medtem ko se UF uporablja predvsem za koncentriranje sirotke. V zadnjih 10 letih je mlekarska industrija spoznala, da se lahko s postopkom mikrofiltracije iz kisle sirotke ločijo različni mikroorganizme, proteini, kazein, bakterije, maščobe in različne lipide. Z metodo mikrofiltracije prav tako predelamo kislo sirotko, da lahko postane varna za izpust v okolje. Nepredelana kisla sirotka namreč vsebuje veliko nitratov in fosfatov, ki povzročajo evtrofikacijo naravne vode, kar pa pomeni odmiranje naravnih organizmov in poseganje v naravno kroženje snovi. Pri postopku mikrofiltracije, se na keramičnih membranah ustvari biološki film mikroorganizmov. Glavni problem postane močno mašenje keramične membrane zaradi tega filma, ki onemogoča nadaljnjo filtracijo. Pojavi se potreba po vzpostavitvi najbolj učinkovitega načina oz. postopka čiščenja membrane s primernimi čistili.
Ključne besede: Sirotka, kisla sirotka, mikrofiltracija, keramična membrana, ultrafiltracija, postopek čiščenja membrane, ultrasil, filtracija, koncentrirana sirotka, diafiltracija
Objavljeno v DKUM: 13.10.2020; Ogledov: 1369; Prenosov: 95
Celotno besedilo (1,63 MB) |
