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Abstract: Plastic is one of the most widely used materials worldwide. The problem with plastic arises when it becomes waste, which needs to be treated. One option is to transform plastic waste into synthetic fuels, which can be used as replacements or additives for conventional fossil fuels and can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatment compared with landfilling and other traditional waste management processes. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis are common processes in which synthetic fuels can be produced from plastic waste. The properties of pyrolytic oil are similar to those of fossil fuels, but different additives and plastic stabilizers can affect the quality of these synthetic fuels. The quality of fuels and the permissible particle sizes and number density are regulated by fuel standards. Particle size in fuels is also regulated by fuel filters in vehicles, which are usually designed to capture particles larger than 4 µm. Problems can arise with the number density (quantity) of particles in synthetic fuels compared to that in fossil fuels. The present work is a numerical study of how particle size and number density (quantity) influence cavitation phenomena and cavitation erosion (abrasion) in common-rail diesel injectors. The results provide more information on whether pyrolysis oil (synthetic fuel) from plastic waste can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and whether their use can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatments. The results indicate that the particle size and number density slightly influence cavitation phenomena in diesel injectors and significantly influence abrasion.
Keywords: plastic waste, synthetic fuels, pyrolytic oil, common rail, cavitation, erosion, particles
Published in DKUM: 05.07.2024; Views: 105; Downloads: 7
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Abstract: The presented paper addresses two significant issues of the present time. In general, the studies of the effect of synthetic fuels on cavitation formation and cavitation erosion prediction in the nozzle tip of common-rail diesel injectors were addressed. The first problem is plastic waste, which can have a significant negative environmental impact if not treated properly. Most plastic waste has high energy value, so it represents valuable material that can be used in resource recovery to produce various materials. One possible product is synthetic fuel, which can be produced using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. The first issue addressed in the presented paper is the determination of fuel properties since they highly influence the fuel injection process, spray development, combustion, etc. The second is the prediction of cavitation development and cavitation erosion in a common-rail diesel injector when using pyrolytic oils from waste plastic. At first, pyrolytic oils from waste high- and low-density polyethylene were obtained using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. Then, the obtained oils were further characterised. Finally, the properties of the obtained oils were implemented in the ANSYS FLUENT computational program and used in the study of the cavitation phenomena inside an injection nozzle hole. The cavitating flow in FLUENT was calculated using the Mixture Model and Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model. For the modelling of turbulence, a realisable k–ε model with Enhanced Wall Treatment was used, and an erosion risk indicator was chosen to compare predicted locations of cavitation erosion. The results indicate that the properties of the obtained pyrolytic oils have slightly lower density, surface tension and kinematic viscosity compared to conventional diesel fuel, but these minor differences influence the cavitation phenomenon inside the injection hole. The occurrence of cavitation is advanced when pyrolytic oils are used, and the length of cavitation structures is greater. This further influences the shift of the area of cavitation erosion prediction closer to the nozzle exit and increases its magnitude up to 26% compared to diesel fuel. All these differences have the potential to further influence the spray break-up process, combustion process and emission formation inside the combustion chamber.
Keywords: plastic waste, synthetic fuels, pyrolytic oils, common-rail, cavitation, erosion, transient simulation
Published in DKUM: 18.03.2024; Views: 271; Downloads: 14
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Abstract: In this paper we compared different driving pressure approaches to calculate the cavitation potential energy from a source, which is transferred to a surface. The first approach used the reference pressure, the second approach used the pressure calculated at each timestep with no averaging, the third approach used the averaged pressure values from all timesteps included in one shedding cycle, and the last approach used pressure values from the steady state simulations results. The results show that for all formulations the averaged pressure values and steady state pressure values give similar results in terms of mean potential power distribution on the hydrofoil surface as in absolute values. The reference pressure approach gave similar results for the derivative and divergence formulation while for the source term the mean potential power distribution on the hydrofoil surface differs and the maximums were near the leading edge. The approach where we used no pressure averaging gave adequate results in terms of mean potential power distribution but differs from other approaches in absolute values which were considerably lower for all potential power formulations.
Keywords: cavitation, erosion potentional, driving pressure, numerical simulations
Published in DKUM: 21.02.2024; Views: 387; Downloads: 13
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Abstract: The 3D unsteady, cavitating, particle-laden flow through a radial divergent test section was simulated with the homogeneous mixture model and Discrete Phase Model (DPM) within the commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent. For turbulence, a RANS approach was adopted with the Reboud’s correction of turbulent viscosity in the k-ω SST model. Cavitation erosion was predicted with the Schenke-Melissaris-Terwisga (SMT) model, while particle erosion was predicted with the Det Norske Veritas (DNV) model. Two distinct erosion zones were identified, one for pure cavitation erosion and one for pure particle erosion. The occurrence of the pure particle erosion zone downstream of the cavitation erosion zone was analysed. By observing the streamlines downstream of the cavitation structures, it was found that vortices form in the flow and redirect the particles towards the wall, causing a pure particle erosion zone on the wall. Particles under consideration in this study were not found to alter the flow to the extent that the cavitation erosion zone would be significantly altered compared with the results without solid particles which are reported in the literature.
Keywords: cavitation, Particles ANSYS Fluent, erosion, CFD, modelling, DPM
Published in DKUM: 30.10.2023; Views: 279; Downloads: 8
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Abstract: Diplomsko delo se nanaša na teoretični povzetek osnov hidravlike tekočin ter izdelavo hidravličnega modela maksimalnega dotoka meteorne vode v črpališče v podvozu Škofljica. Po določitvi vhodnih podatkov je bila izvedena optimizacija in določitev črpalnih zahtev ter izračun in izbira potopnih črpalk. Ugotovili smo, da je optimalno razmerje med maksimalnim dotokom pri merodajnem nalivu in črpanjem iz akumulacije približno 80%.
Keywords: tlačni vod, linijske in lokalne izgube, potopne črpalke, črpalne postaje
Published in DKUM: 13.07.2023; Views: 377; Downloads: 61
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