Iskanje po katalogu digitalne knjižnice

Opis: The application of the Enslin-Neff water-adsorption test for the determination of soil-index properties has been investigated on commercially available reference minerals and on real soils. The Enslin-Neff test is a simple and reliable laboratory method, which can provide important information about the behavior of soils, clay-bearing rocks and aggregate fines that are in contact with water. Although the test has been frequently used for bentonite testing, practically no results have been published about the physical meaning of the Enslin-Neff water-adsorption values for real soils. The results of this study indicate that the Enslin-Neff water-adsorption test can be used to obtain accurate values of some soil-index properties, such as the liquid limit, the plasticity index, the methylene-blue value, and the soil-water characteristic curve.
Ključne besede: water adsorption, soil water characteristic curve, methylene blue value, soil suction
Objavljeno v DKUM: 06.06.2018; Ogledov: 1619; Prenosov: 144
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Opis: Many chemical or physical modification processes significantly influence the accessibility of fiber forming polymers by causing structural changes. The wettability and sorption ability improvements of polymeric materials are major tasks during finishing processes. Different pre-treatment processes are used in order to improve the accessibility of dissociable groups, hydrophilicity, dyeability, and whiteness. These are usually alkaline purification, chemical bleaching and mercerization. In a previous paper we presented the data for structural characteristics (density, crystallinity index, molecular orientation, void volume, diameter and the specific inner surface of void, etc.) of untreated regenerated cellulose fibers (viscose, modal and lyocell) [41]. We now compare the influence of different pre-treatment processes on fiber structure and the accessibility of the chemical groups of these fibers. In order to improve the accessibility, two pre-treatment processes were used: chemical bleaching of fibers and tensionless alkali treatment. The influence of these pre-treatment processes on the structure parameters was evaluated using viscosity measurements (determination of polymerization degree (DIN 54 270)) and iodine sorption ability measurements according to the Schwertassek method (determination of crystallinity index) [13, 16]. The reactivity and accessibility in a polar environment was determined using tensiometry. Contact angles between the fibers and liquids of different polarities were determined using the powder contact angle method and calculated from a modified Washburn equation [26, 28]. The surface free (Helmholtz) energy of differently treated fibers was determined from the contact angle data using the Owens-Wendt-Raeble-Kaelble approximation [30, 33, 35]. The differences in the accessibility of raw and pre-treated regenerated cellulose fibers obtained using tensiometry are compared with the results of the conventional method used to determine moisture adsorption (DIN 54 351, DIN 53 802). In regard to raw fibers, viscose shows the most hydrophilic characteristic: adsorbs the highest amount of moisture, has the fastest penetration velocities (Fig. 6), the smallest contact angle, and the highest SFE (Fig. 8). Modal fibers have the largest contact angle, the lowest SFE, and they adsorb the smallest amount of water vapor. Pre-treatments increase the sorption ability and the surface free (Helmholtz) energy while they decrease the contact angle. This makes the material more accessible to water and chemicals used in the finishing processes although the crystallinity index increases. The main modification in polymer properties caused by the treatments is an increase in the fiber SFE caused by an increase of the fiber surfaces because of swelling in the alkaline medium (washing, slack-mercerization), and due to an increase of accessible OH- and COOH-groups (bleaching). This enables the formation of an increased number of hydrogen bridges between the water molecules and the OH- and COOH-groups. Our investigations confirm the results published earlier thatthe main property necessary for the proper sorption behavior of cellulose materials are the accessible, less ordered regions and not the degree of crystallinity.
Ključne besede: regenerated cellulose fibers, fiber pre-treatment, iodine sorption, cristallinity, tensiometry, contact angle, Helmholtz surface energy, water adsorption
Objavljeno v DKUM: 01.06.2012; Ogledov: 2751; Prenosov: 75
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