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Opis: This study analyses the many different parameters of the in-plane flexibility problem regarding the lateral behaviour of light timber-framed (LTF) wall elements with different types of sheathing material (FPB, OSB, or even reinforced concrete), as well as the thickness of the timber frame elements (internal or external wall elements). The analysis simultaneously considers bending, shear, and timber-to-framing connection flexibility, while assuming stiff-supported wall elements as prescribed by Eurocode 5. Particular emphasis is placed on the sliding deformation between sheathing boards and the timber frame, which can significantly reduce the overall stiffness of LTF wall elements. The influence of fastener spacing (s) on sliding deformation and overall stiffness is comprehensively analysed, as well as the different bending and shear behaviours of the various sheathing materials. The results show that reducing the fastener spacing can significantly improve the stiffness of OSB wall elements, while it is less critical for FPB elements used in mid-rise timber buildings. A comparison of external and internal wall elements revealed a minimal difference in racking stiffness (3.3%) for OSB and FPB specimens, highlighting their comparable performance. The inclusion of RC sheathing on one side of the LTF elements showed significant potential to improve torsional behaviour and in-plane racking stiffness, making it a viable solution for strengthening prefabricated multi-storey timber buildings. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design of LTF walls, ensuring improved structural performance and extended application possibilities in modern timber construction.
Ključne besede: timber, structures, light timber-framed element, modelling, numerical analysis
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 11
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Opis: In the presented paper, the problem of vertical expansions is treated in terms of seismic resistance of structures with added storeys. A large parametric study has been performed, confirming the impact of different number of added storeys, and the change of their stiffness, on the seismic response of structures. The paper shows examples of how stiffness in light timber frame and cross laminated timber structures can be easily altered just by changing the type and distribution of fasteners. Known procedures are used to calculate the stiffness of the wall elements of a light timber frame system, and a new procedure is developed for determining the stiffness of cross laminated timber wall elements. The study shows how changing the stiffness of the vertical expansion can have a significant impact on the seismic response and that, in some cases, vertical expansion can have a favourable effect on seismic resistance, despite a minor increase in the mass of the structure.
Ključne besede: added storeys, seismic resistance, light timber structure
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 8
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Opis: The use of a double-skin façade (DSF) is a quite new approach in the building renovation process, complementing conventional renovation strategies. A double-skin façade is an envelope wall construction that consists of two transparent surfaces separated by a cavity and can essentially improve the thermal and acoustic resistance of the building envelope. The main double-skin wall components are usually composed of a hardened external single glazing pane and a double or triple thermal insulating internal glass pane, which are connected to the frame structure. Recently, many studies have analysed the thermal and acoustic performance of DSF elements, but almost none in terms of structural behaviour, especially in terms of determining the racking resistance of such wall elements. Moreover, with a view to reduce the global warming potential, an eco-friendly timber frame instead of a commonly used steel, aluminium or plastic frame is studied in this analysis. However, structurally combining timber and glass to develop an appropriate load-bearing structural element is a very complex process involving a combination of two materials with different material properties, where the type of bonding can be selected as a crucial parameter affecting the racking resistance range. Since the costs of experiments performed on such full-scale DSF elements are very high and such experiments are time-consuming, it is crucial to develop special mathematical models for analysing the influence of the most important parameters. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to develop the finite element mathematical model of the studied DSF structural elements with a highly ecological solution by using a timber frame. In the second step, the developed model is further implemented in the numerical analysis of racking stiffness and followed by a comprehensive parametric numerical study on different parameters influencing the horizontal load-bearing capacity of such DSF timber elements. The obtained results indicate that the new approach of the developed load-bearing prefabricated timber DSF elements can essentially improve racking resistance and stiffness compared with the widely studied timber-glass single-skin wall elements and can thus be fully recommended especially in the structural renovation process of old buildings.
Ključne besede: timber, glass, double-skin façades, racking resistance, mathematical modelling, numerical analysis, Finite Elements Methods (FEM)
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 7
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Opis: The behaviour of horizontal floor diaphragms plays a crucial role in ensuring the overall response of a building during earthquakes, as the stiffness of these diaphragms determines whether the structure will act as an integrated system. If the diaphragms do not exhibit sufficient stiffness, differences in the redistribution of forces on wall elements arise, increasing the risk of significant deformations and even local damage, which is commonly observed in earthquake-affected areas. Additionally, flexible diaphragms heighten the risk of torsional effects. Due to these factors, more attention should be given to the response of buildings with flexible diaphragms. Eurocode standard specifies general requirements under which diaphragms should be considered rigid within their plane, depending on the maximum diaphragm moment. However, specific guidelines regarding the geometric and material properties of elements that significantly impact seismic behaviour are not included in the existing European standards. This served as a basis for conducting a numerical study analysing the in-plane behaviour of floor elements made from different materials. This study, limited to a simple box-shaped structure with masonry walls, symmetrical in both orthogonal directions, evaluated and thoroughly analysed the deformations for different types of diaphragms, including prefabricated wooden frame-panel floors, CLT panels, and reinforced concrete slabs. Special emphasis was placed on wooden structural elements due to the increased demand for timber construction, as the behaviour of these elements needs to be properly studied, especially in seismic regions. The study results were obtained through FEM analysis using the SCIA Engineer software, version 22. The modelling of elements was carried out considering the orthotropy of brick wall and wooden ceiling elements, as well as simulating the appropriate shear stiffness of the connecting means.
Ključne besede: horizontal diaphragms, floor flexibility, lateral load resisting system, timber frame-panel floor, cross-laminated timber, concrete slab, seismic design
Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.01.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 21
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Opis: The remarkable development of timber construction technologies in recent decades has led to an increase in the number of timber buildings worldwide, including multi-storey buildings. The design of timber buildings, especially those of greater height, is relatively demanding and, even in the context of architectural expression, has certain constraints due to the specific structural and physical properties of this material. Thus, it is important for designers to have an overview of existing timber structural systems and their specificities to be able to make the right design decisions during the design process. Unfortunately, there is a lack of scientific literature that systematically addresses the essential features of contemporary timber structural systems. Within the aims of this paper to provide the systematic review of contemporary structural systems, both the scientific and professional literature are comprehensively reviewed. This paper presents a systematic classification and description of the following structural systems of timber buildings: all-timber and hybrid timber structural systems with an additional description of constituent structural elements, while examples of completed multi-storey timber buildings are also given for each structural system. The findings provide a broader view of the knowledge of contemporary solutions of timber structural systems and their application, thus representing a novelty in the field of timber construction review.
Ključne besede: timber structural systems, hybrid timber structural system, timber-concrete composite, timber-steel composite, timber-timber composite, timber structural elements, timber buildings, multi-storey timber buildings
Objavljeno v DKUM: 09.02.2024; Ogledov: 261; Prenosov: 54
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