1. Evolutionary games on multilayer networks : a colloquiumZhen Wang, Lin Wang, Attila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2015, pregledni znanstveni članek Opis: Networks form the backbone of many complex systems, ranging from the Internet to human societies. Accordingly, not only is the range of our interactions limited and thus best described and modeled by networks, it is also a fact that the networks that are an integral part of such models are often interdependent or even interconnected. Networks of networks or multilayer networks are therefore a more apt description of social systems. This colloquium is devoted to evolutionary games on multilayer networks, and in particular to the evolution of cooperation as one of the main pillars of modern human societies. We first give an overview of the most significant conceptual differences between single-layer and multilayer networks, and we provide basic definitions and a classification of the most commonly used terms. Subsequently, we review fascinating and counterintuitive evolutionary outcomes that emerge due to different types of interdependencies between otherwise independent populations. The focus is on coupling through the utilities of players, through the flow of information, as well as through the popularity of different strategies on different network layers. The colloquium highlights the importance of pattern formation and collective behavior for the promotion of cooperation under adverse conditions, as well as the synergies between network science and evolutionary game theory.
Ključne besede: kooperacija, sociološke mreže, evolucijske igre, kolektivni pojav, samo-organizacija, fazni prehodi, recipročnost, fizika socioloških sistemov, cooperation, social networks, evolutionary games, collective phenomena, self-organization, phase transitions, reciprocity, physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.09.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 1
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2. Improving equality in the education system of TurkiyeMahmut Özer, Matjaž Perc, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Success breeds more success, the rich get richer, and the powerful get even more powerful. These are often true in human societies and describe the situation where whatever advantages one has in life frequently beget further advantages over time. The social sciences often describe this phenomenon as the Matthew effect of accumulated advantage, and it is known as preferential attachment in network science. The starting point of the process is often due to the first-mover advantage, under which the first person that achieves something will receive recognition and praise at a rate significantly higher than a person who achieves the same at a later point in time. All this boils down to the fact that unequal opportunities early on in education can translate into greater inequalities later in life. A major goal in the Turkish education system is therefore to ensure equal opportunities as well as equal quality of educational processes starting in preschool and beyond. This study explores the thought processed that have led to the implementation of procedures toward this goal, compares the current state in Turkiye with other OECD countries, and outlines future steps that are in the making for reaching targets throughout the educational system.
Ključne besede: educational equality, Matthew effect, cumulative advantage, preferential attachment, education policy, preschool education, educational systems, cooperation, social physics, government
Objavljeno v DKUM: 27.05.2024; Ogledov: 226; Prenosov: 14
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4. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility synergies : a systemic approachJelena Nikolić, Dejana Zlatanović, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Respecting the importance of corporate governance (CG), particularly various corporate governance mechanisms for improving corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, the paper highlights relevant CG–CSR synergies from the perspective of systems thinking. The paper further aims to demonstrate the ways in which selected systems methodologies can support CG–CSR synergies. Accordingly, we selected appropriate systems methodologies, such as dialectical systems theory, soft systems methodology, and system dynamics. We defined the dialectical system, consisting of essential corporate governance mechanisms, which contribute to CSR; we also identified the key stakeholders and their perceptions of CG–CSR relations through CATWOE analysis; thus, the appropriate root definition and conceptual model, including the activities that are relevant for CG–CSR relations, were developed. Developed systemic framework provided a relevant methodological support to highlight the various issues of corporate governance, such as institutional framework, market for corporate control, ownership structure, board structure, and their contribution to CSR.
Ključne besede: corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, CG–CSR synergies, systemic approach, combined use of selected systems methodologies
Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.10.2018; Ogledov: 1535; Prenosov: 170
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5. Determinants of public cooperation in multiplex networksFederico Battiston, Matjaž Perc, Vito Latora, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Synergies between evolutionary game theory and statistical physics have significantly improved our understanding of public cooperation in structured populations. Multiplex networks, in particular, provide the theoretical framework within network science that allows us to mathematically describe the rich structure of interactions characterizing human societies. While research has shown that multiplex networks may enhance the resilience of cooperation, the interplay between the overlap in the structure of the layers and the control parameters of the corresponding games has not yet been investigated. With this aim, we consider here the public goods game on a multiplex network, and we unveil the role of the number of layers and the overlap of links, as well as the impact of different synergy factors in different layers, on the onset of cooperation. We show that enhanced public cooperation emerges only when a significant edge overlap is combined with at least one layer being able to sustain some cooperation by means of a sufficiently high synergy factor. In the absence of either of these conditions, the evolution of cooperation in multiplex networks is determined by the bounds of traditional network reciprocity with no enhanced resilience. These results caution against overly optimistic predictions that the presence of multiple social domains may in itself promote cooperation, and they help us better understand the complexity behind prosocial behavior in layered social systems.
Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, networks, physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 04.12.2017; Ogledov: 1271; Prenosov: 393
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6. Knowledge-cum-values management belongs to the way out from global crisisZdenka Ženko, Matjaž Mulej, Vojko Potočan, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Background: The contemporary world-wide socio-economic crisis tends to escalate and contribute to the global crisis. Limitation of education to one-sided ‘knowledge management’ rather than socially responsible ‘knowledge-cum-values-management’ is one of the crisis’s causes.
Objectives: The limitations to current knowledge management should be analyzed with systemic thinking. Which values are prevailing in it now and which values will enable the survival of humankind?
Methods/Approach: In the first part, literature is reviewed for analysis and conceptual generalization of knowledge management. The theoretical framework based on ‘system theory’, ‘knowledge management’ and ‘knowledge-cum-values management’, and ‘values of social responsibility’ is introduced. In the second part a new theoretical concept “A potential methodological support for human transition from one-sided to requisitely holistic behavior via social responsibility” is discussed.
Results: Knowledge management is a too narrow concept, it tends to leave aside human values, an impact on the natural environment, and extremely growing differences. Humankind needs consideration of responsibility, interdependence and holism in order to minimize detrimental impact of individual behaviour on society, i.e. humans and nature.
Conclusions: The research indicates that individuals should attain more requisite holism, and should not be irrational by trying to attain only rationalism in human decision-making and action.
Ključne besede: knowledge-cum-values management, Dialectical Systems Theory, corporate social responsibility
Objavljeno v DKUM: 31.08.2017; Ogledov: 1323; Prenosov: 941
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7. Correlation of positive and negative reciprocity fails to confer an evolutionary advantage: phase transitions to elementary strategiesAttila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Economic experiments reveal that humans value cooperation and fairness. Punishing unfair behavioris therefore common, and according to the theory of strong reciprocity, it is also directly related to rewarding cooperative behavior. However, empirical data fail to confirm that positive and negative reciprocity are correlated. Inspired by this disagreement, we determine whether the combined application of reward and punishment is evolutionarily advantageous. We study a spatial public goods game, where in addition to the three elementary strategies of defection, rewarding, and punishment, a fourth strategy that combines the latter two competes for space. We find rich dynamical behavior that gives rise to intricate phase diagrams where continuous and discontinuous phase transitions occur in succession. Indirect territorial competition, spontaneous emergence of cyclic dominance, as well as divergent fluctuations of oscillations that terminate in an absorbing phase are observed. Yet, despite the high complexity of solutions, the combined strategy can survive only in very narrow and unrealistic parameter regions. Elementary strategies, either in pure or mixed phases, are much more common and likely to prevail. Our results highlight the importance of patterns and structure in human cooperation, which should be considered in future experiments.
Ključne besede: public goods, punishment, reward, evolutionary games, collective phenomena, phase transitions, physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.08.2017; Ogledov: 1276; Prenosov: 368
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8. HRM model in tourism, based on Dialectical systems theorySimona Šarotar Žižek, Sonja Treven, Matjaž Mulej, 2015, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: A human resources management (HRM) model integrating trends in HRM with trends in tourism into a dialectical system by the Dialectical Systems Theory (DST). HRM strategy, integrated within the tourism organization´s (TO´S) strategy is implemented through functional strategies helping their users to achieve a requisitely holistic (RH) HRM strategy replacing the prevailing one-sided ones. TO´S strategy covers: employees (1) planning, (2) acquisition and selection, (3) development and training, (4) diversity management, (5) teamwork and creativity, (6) motivation and rewarding, (7) stress reduction and health, (8) relationships, (9) personal holism, (10) well-being, (11) work and results assessment; etc. Everyone matters; their synergy is crucial. An innovated HRM model for TOs, which applies employees´, organizations´ RH and integrates new knowledge about HRM. HRM belongs to central managers´ tools. Their HRM must be adapted for TOs, where employees are crucial.
Ključne besede: tourism, human resources management, well-being, Dialectical Systems Theory, social responsibility, organizational cybernetics
Objavljeno v DKUM: 13.07.2017; Ogledov: 1357; Prenosov: 106
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9. Self-organization towards optimally interdependent networks by means of coevolutionZhen Wang, Attila Szolnoki, Matjaž Perc, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Coevolution between strategy and network structure is established as a means to arrive at the optimal conditions needed to resolve social dilemmas. Yet recent research has highlighted that the interdependence between networks may be just as important as the structure of an individual network. We therefore introduce the coevolution of strategy and network interdependence to see whether this can give rise to elevated levels of cooperation in the prisonerʼs dilemma game. We show that the interdependence between networks self-organizes so as to yield optimal conditions for the evolution of cooperation. Even under extremely adverse conditions, cooperators can prevail where on isolated networks they would perish. This is due to the spontaneous emergence of a two-class society, with only the upper class being allowed to control and take advantage of the interdependence. Spatial patterns reveal that cooperators, once arriving at the upper class, are much more competent than defectors in sustaining compact clusters of followers. Indeed, the asymmetric exploitation of interdependence confers to them a strong evolutionary advantage that may resolve even the toughest of social dilemmas.
Ključne besede: coevolution, cooperation, interdependent networks, evolutionary games, collective phenomena, self-organization, phase transitions, physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2017; Ogledov: 1329; Prenosov: 422
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10. Self-organization of punishment in structured populationsMatjaž Perc, Attila Szolnoki, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Cooperation is crucial for the remarkable evolutionary success of the human species. Not surprisingly, some individuals are willing to bear additional costs in order to punish defectors. Current models assume that, once set, the fine and cost of punishment do not change over time. Here we show that relaxing this assumption by allowing players to adapt their sanctioning efforts in dependence on the success of cooperation can explain both the spontaneous emergence of punishment and its ability to deter defectors and those unwilling to punish them with globally negligible investments. By means of phase diagrams and the analysis of emerging spatial patterns, we demonstrate that adaptive punishment promotes public cooperation through the invigoration of spatial reciprocity, the prevention of the emergence of cyclic dominance, or the provision of competitive advantages to those that sanction antisocial behavior. The results presented indicate that the process of self-organization significantly elevates the effectiveness of punishment, and they reveal new mechanisms by means of which this fascinating and widespread social behavior could have evolved.
Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, punishment, phase transitions, physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2017; Ogledov: 1203; Prenosov: 433
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