1. Optimization of an IPMSM for constant-angle square-wave control of a BLDC driveMitja Garmut, Simon Steentjes, Martin Petrun, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) driven with a square-wave
control (i.e., six-step, block, or 120◦ control), known commonly as brushless direct current (BLDC)
drives, are used widely due to their high power density and control simplicity. The advance firing
(AF) angle is employed to achieve improved operation characteristics of the drive. The AF angle is,
in general, applied to compensate for the commutation effects. In the case of an IPMSM, the AF angle
can also be adjusted to exploit reluctance torque. In this paper, a detailed study was performed to
understand its effect on the drive’s performance in regard to reluctance torque. Furthermore, a multiobjective optimization of the machine’s cross-section using neural network models was conducted to
enhance performance at a constant AF angle. The reference and improved machine designs were
evaluated in a system-level simulation, where the impact was considered of the commutation of
currents. A significant improvement in the machine performance was achieved after optimizing the
geometry and implementing a fixed AF angle of 10◦.
Ključne besede: MTPA, maximum torque per ampere, IPM SM, interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, BLDC, brushless direct current drive, rotor optimization, square-wave control, advance firing angle, neural network
Objavljeno v DKUM: 13.01.2026; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 1
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2. Practical approaches to the control of milk fermentation with kefir grainsJožef Ritonja, Andreja Goršek, Darja Pečar, Darius Andriukaitis, Boštjan Polajžer, 2024, samostojni znanstveni sestavek ali poglavje v monografski publikaciji Opis: In the chapter, milk fermentation for kefir production is studied. The traditional
kefir production process based on inoculating kefir grains into milk is considered. The
quality and quantity of the produced kefir also depend on the dynamics of the fermentation process. The chapter presents the design and synthesis of the closed-loop
control system in which changing the bioreactor’s temperature is used to control the
time course of the concentration of dissolved CO2. In the chapter: (1) a nonlinear
dynamic mathematical model of the fermentation process, which allows evaluating
the influence of the bioreactor’s temperature on the dynamics of the fermentation
process, is presented; (2) the design and synthesis of a conventional linear control
system with constant parameters are carried out; (3) an adaptive control system that
enables the tracking of the courses of the quantities of the fermentation process to the
desired reference trajectories without the time-consuming preliminary identification
of the parameters of the fermentation process model is developed. The numerical,
experimental, and analytic outcomes of the study are presented.
Ključne besede: milk fermentation, batch biorector, mathematical modeling, control system design and synthesis, linear control, model reference adaptive control
Objavljeno v DKUM: 08.01.2026; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 3
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3. EEG + High-density surface EMG recordings of right tibialis anterior muscle during isometric ankle dorsiflexion (HybridNeuro project)Blanka Zicher, Ciaran McGeady, Dario Farina, Nina Murks, Matjaž Divjak, 2025, zaključena znanstvena zbirka raziskovalnih podatkov Opis: This dataset was prepared in the context of the HybridNeuro project (https://www.hybridneuro.feri.um.si/). It contains a collection of simultaneous EMG and EEG recordings from 7 healthy volunteers. The main purpose of data collection was to investigate the role of beta-band oscillations in motor control by examining how cortical beta activity propagates to the motor unit pool and can be measured at the peripheral level using high-density EMG.
Surface EMG was recorded using 64-channel electrode grids arranged in a 13 × 5 configuration with one missing corner electrode and an interelectrode distance of 4 mm (OT Bioelettronica, Torino, Italy). Signals were amplified (150 V/V), sampled at 2048 Hz using a Quattrocento system (OT Bioelettronica, Torino, Italy), and band-pass filtered between 20 and 500 Hz. Different grid placements were employed to maximize the number of motor units decomposed from the EMG signals.
EEG signals were recorded with 31 active gel-based electrodes positioned according to the International 10–20 system, with FCz as the reference electrode (actiCAP, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany). Signals were amplified and sampled at 1 kHz using a BrainVision actiCHamp Plus system (Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany).
EEG, EMG, and the exerted force signals were temporally synchronized using a common digital trigger sent to both recording systems.
Participants performed 2 repetitions of 4 sets of trapezoidal submaximal isometric contractions using the right tibialis anterior muscle, at 4 different contraction levels. Total task length was 640 s (not including rests). Each task's data is stored in a separate file in Matlab format (.MAT). Total dataset size is 8.5 GB.
Ključne besede: surface high density electromyogram (HDEMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), dataset, tibialis anterior, isometric ankle dorsiflexion, beta-band oscillations, motor control, HybridNeuro
Objavljeno v DKUM: 06.01.2026; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 6
 Raziskovalni podatki (1,37 GB)
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4. The influence of alternative weed control under "Sauvignon Blanc" vines on grape characteristics and environmental footprintPeter Berk, Denis Stajnko, Andrej Paušič, Mario Lešnik, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Chemical control of weeds with the herbicide glyphosate under vines in the vineyards is currently easy, effective, and cheap. There are currently no completely equivalent alternative herbicides or suitable mechanical control methods that have the same efficacy in suppressing weeds under vines in vineyards as glyphosate. Therefore, in this research, we tested two alternative technologies for controlling weeds under the vines as a counterweight to the predominant control approach with the herbicide glyphosate: (1) chemical control with pelargonic acid, acetic acid, and the plant extract-based fertilizer Stopeco® with herbicidal action, and (2) mechanical control with a combined tool consisting of a rotary star tiller and finger weeder. A comparative analysis was conducted on time and fuel consumption, the extent of the carbon footprint, grape yield, and quality, which showed that the tested alternative methods of weed control were not comparable to the herbicide glyphosate in terms of effectiveness in weed suppression but were comparable at grape yield. In our trial, at the number of treatments we performed, differences in environmental footprint between different treatments were significant (glyphosate variant 10.55–11.21 gha anno−1; other variants 7.48–8.08 gha anno−1). Alternative mechanical and chemical methods need to be applied at least three to four times a year to achieve results comparable to those from two applications of glyphosate. For this reason, it is possible that, in the case of a slightly increased number of passes by mechanical tools or a slightly increased number of sprayings with alternative preparations to reach the efficacy level of glyphosate treatments, the foot print parameter, CO2 emissions and global warming potential (GWP) parameter in alternative treatments would no longer be more favorable than when using the herbicide glyphosate twice a year.
Ključne besede: glyphosate, pelargonic acid, acetic acid, vineyard, weed control, rotary star tiller, footprint
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.12.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 2
Celotno besedilo (2,10 MB)
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5. Development of an hmi visualization for monitoring and control of a servo-pneumatic system for moving a fragile objectMaja Radovanović, 2025, magistrsko delo Opis: This thesis describes the development of an HMI visualization for monitoring and control of a servo-pneumatic system used to move a fragile object. The first part of the thesis presents the components of the real system, including the Siemens S7-1200 PLC, servo-pneumatic valve, pneumatic cylinders, and reed sensors, as well as the software used, such as TIA Portal and Enfield Technologies. The second part focuses on the development of the HMI visualization. It includes system control in both automatic and manual modes, alarm signaling, and 2D animation of cylinders and object movements. This approach improves system clarity, safety, and operational flexibility.
Ključne besede: HMI, Visualization, Monitoring, Control, PLC, Siemens
Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.12.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 7
Celotno besedilo (3,55 MB) |
6. IoT-based off-grid solar power supply : design, implementation, and case study of energy consumption control using forecasted solar irradiationMarijan Španer, Mitja Truntič, Darko Hercog, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This article presents the development and implementation of an IoT-enabled, off-grid solar power supply prototype designed to power a range of electrical devices. The developed system comprises a Photovoltaic panel, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charger, a 2.5 kWh/24 V high-performance LiFePO4 battery bank with a Battery Management System, an embedded controller with IoT connectivity, and DC/DC and DC/AC converters. The PV panel serves as the primary energy source, with the MPPT controller optimizing battery charging, while the DC/DC and DC/AC converters supply power to the connected electrical devices. The article includes a case study of a developed platform for powering an information and advertising system. The system features a predictive energy management algorithm, which optimizes the appliance operation based on daily solar irradiance forecasts and real-time battery State-of-Charge monitoring. The IoT-enabled controller obtains solar irradiance forecasts from an online meteorological service via API calls and uses these data to estimate energy availability for the next day. Using this prediction, the system schedules and prioritizes the operations of connected electrical devices dynamically to optimize the performance and prevent critical battery discharge. The IoT-based controller is equipped with both Wi-Fi and an LTE modem, enabling communication with online services via wireless or cellular networks.
Ključne besede: energy consumption control, forecasted solar irradiation, power management, off-grid power supply, photovoltaic, solar, IoT, LTE, Wi-Fi, ESP32
Objavljeno v DKUM: 14.11.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 7
Celotno besedilo (5,16 MB) |
7. Controllable speech-driven gesture generation with selective activation of weakly supervised controlsKarlo Crnek, Matej Rojc, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Generating realistic and contextually appropriate gestures is crucial for creating engaging embodied conversational agents. Although speech is the primary input for gesture generation, adding controls like gesture velocity, hand height, and emotion is essential for generating more natural, human-like gestures. However, current approaches to controllable gesture generation often utilize a limited number of control parameters and lack the ability to activate/deactivate them selectively. Therefore, in this work, we propose the Cont-Gest model, a Transformer-based gesture generation model that enables selective control activation through masked training and a control fusion strategy. Furthermore, to better support the development of such models, we propose a novel evaluation-driven development (EDD) workflow, which combines several iterative tasks: automatic control signal extraction, control specification, visual (subjective) feedback, and objective evaluation. This workflow enables continuous monitoring of model performance and facilitates iterative refinement through feedback-driven development cycles. For objective evaluation, we are using the validated Kinetic–Hellinger distance, an objective metric that correlates strongly with the human perception of gesture quality. We evaluated multiple model configurations and control dynamics strategies within the proposed workflow. Experimental results show that Feature-wise Linear Modulation (FiLM) conditioning, combined with single-mask training and voice activity scaling, achieves the best balance between gesture quality and adherence to control inputs.
Ključne besede: gesture generation, objective evaluation, selective control activation, transformers, weakly supervised learning
Objavljeno v DKUM: 09.09.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 7
Celotno besedilo (1,63 MB) |
8. Possible enhancing of spraying management by evaluating automated control in different training systemsJurij Rakun, Peter Lepej, Rajko Bernik, Jelisaveta Seka Cvijanović, Miljan Cvetković, Erik Rihter, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This study explores the feasibility of an automated sensor system for precise plant protection product application in plum orchards, aiming to address issues related to inefficient spraying practices, environmental pollution, and reduced crop quality associated with traditional training systems. The research focuses on detecting tree canopy presence, evaluating electromagnetic valve actuation in different plum training systems, and optimizing plant protection product usage. Sensor-based spraying demonstrates its potential to improve operational efficiency, reduce product losses, and foster environmentally responsible agricultural practices, contributing to the broader field of precision agriculture. For the selected scene, the results show the possibility of a substantial savings of 71.37%, 47.17%, 58.59%, and 55.06% for the One-axis, Bi-axis, UFO, and Combine systems, respectively. Implementing this technology can potentially lead to significant improvements in plum orchard operations while minimizing the industry’s ecological impact on the environment.
Ključne besede: sensors, spraying application control, target-oriented spray, plum orchard, training systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 08.08.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 1
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9. Evaluation of the simultaneous operation of the mechanisms for cross-border interchange and activation of the regulating reservesMarcel Topler, Boštjan Polajžer, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This article examines the mechanisms for cross-border interchange of the regulating
reserves (RRs), i.e., the imbalance-netting process (INP) and the cross-border activation of the
RRs (CBRR). Both mechanisms are an additional service of frequency restoration reserves in the
power system and connect different control areas (CAs) via virtual tie-lines to release RRs and
reduce balancing energy. The primary objective of the INP is to net the demand for RRs between
the cooperating CAs with different signs of interchange power variation. In contrast, the primary
objective of the CBRR is to activate the RRs in the cooperating CAs with matching signs of interchange
power variation. In this way, the ancillary services market and the European balancing system should
be improved. However, both the INP and CBRR include a frequency term and thus impact the
frequency response of the cooperating CAs. Therefore, the impact of the simultaneous operation of the
INP and CBRR on the load-frequency control (LFC) and performance is comprehensively evaluated
with dynamic simulations of a three-CA testing system, which no previous studies investigated
before. In addition, a function for correction power adjustment is proposed to prevent the undesirable
simultaneous activation of the INP and CBRR. In this way, area control error (ACE) and scheduled
control power are decreased since undesired correction is prevented. The dynamic simulations
confirmed that the simultaneous operation of the INP and CBRR reduced the balancing energy
and decreased the unintended exchange of energy. Consequently, the LFC and performance were
improved in this way. However, the impact of the INP and CBRR on the frequency quality has no
unambiguous conclusions.
Ključne besede: frequency quality, load-frequency control, regulating reserves, cross-border interchange, cross-border activation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.06.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 10
Celotno besedilo (3,17 MB)
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10. Use of a heating system to control the probiotic beverage production in batch bioreactorJožef Ritonja, Andreja Goršek, Darja Pečar, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Fermentation is a crucial bioengineering process, existentially important for modern society.
The most commonly used production unit for this process is the batch bioreactor. Its main advantage
is unsophisticated construction, which unfortunately results in its incapability of controlling the
transient state of the fermentation process. Control of the fermentation can significantly improve
the quality of the product and the economy of the process; therefore, it is useful for bioreactors to
be equipped with a control system. Based on the experimental results, we used an optimization
method to identify a mathematical model that describes the impact of the bioreactor’s temperature
on the fermentation’s transient process. The obtained model was applied for the design and synthesis
of the closed-loop control system. Simulations and experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the
proposed control system. In this way, we can ensure the consistent quality of the produced probiotic
product, increase the amount of the product, and shorten the fermentation time. The original results
display the feasibility of the closed-loop control of the batch bioreactor’s fermentation process by
changing the temperature. So far, the process has been carried without a closed-loop control system.
The problem is current and has not yet been solved sufficiently. There are many attempts published;
one of the last shows the possibility of controlling the fermentation process by changing the oxygen
supply, which is more complex and expensive for realization than the solution from our study.
Ključne besede: probiotic bewerages, fermentation, modelling, identification, control implementation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.06.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 8
Celotno besedilo (2,79 MB)
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