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Opis: Piglet suckling behaviour has been extensively studied, but surprisingly, there are not many studies that specifically consider body weight and sex in this context. These two basic individual characteristics have been considered more as supporting data but not as main factors. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to examine the effect body weight on suckling behaviour of piglets during lactation separately by sex. The study comprised 14 litters with a total of 158 piglets (85 male, 73 female, litter size 6−15 piglets). Suckling behaviour was described in terms of suckling position (the teat at which the piglet suckled during suckling), suckling territory (the range two outermost suckling positions of the piglet encompasses) and suckling stability (the tendency to suckle successively at the same position), and was observed in six periods: 0−3, 4−7, 8−10, 11−14, 15−21 and 22−32 days of age. In each period, piglets were also weighed. The udder was divided into three areas: anterior (1st-2nd teat pair), middle (3rd-5th teat pair) and posterior (6th-8th teat pair). Body weight affected suckling behaviour differently in male and female piglets (i.e., all traits in females, suckling stability only in males). The relative body weight of females decreased significantly from the anterior towards the posterior part. Heavy females (but not males) suckled considerably more frequently on the anterior area. Heavier piglets (male and female) established more stable suckling order. Suckling territory of males was quite large, but did not differ among body weight classes. Interestingly, light females visited significantly larger suckling territory than heavy females. The present results fill a gap in the otherwise broad knowledge of pig suckling behaviour, which is of great importance for litter management during lactation, especially when cross-fostering is implemented. In this context, knowledge of the detailed role of sex and body weight is of particular importance because breeders rely mainly on basic body traits when managing litters.
Ključne besede: pig, lactation, body weight, sex, suckling position, suckling stability, suckling territory
Objavljeno v DKUM: 25.04.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 3
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Opis: Modern pig breeds, which have been genetically improved to achieve fast growth and a lean meat deposition, differ from local pig breeds with respect to fat deposition, fat specific metabolic characteristics and various other properties. The present review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences between fatty local and modern lean pig breeds in adipose tissue deposition and lipid metabolism, taking into consideration morphological, cellular, biochemical, transcriptomic and proteomic perspectives. Compared to modern breeds, local pig breeds accumulate larger amounts of fat, which generally contains more monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; they exhibit a higher adipocyte size and higher activity of lipogenic enzymes. Studies using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches highlighted several processes like immune response, fatty-acid turn-over, oxidoreductase activity, mitochondrial function, etc. which differ between local and modern pig breeds.
Ključne besede: pig, adipose tissue, local breeds, modern breeds, cellularity, transcriptome, proteom, adaptation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 06.02.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 7
Celotno besedilo (1,72 MB)
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Opis: Oxidation is one of the major reasons for impaired quality of meat and meat products but can be prevented by the addition of antioxidants. In the present study, the effect of dietary sweet chestnut wood extract and hop cones on the quality and oxidative stability of meat and dry-cured products was investigated. Control pigs (N = 11) were fed a commercial diet (13.1 MJ metabolizable energy, 15.5% crude protein), while the other two experimental groups were supplemented with 3% of sweet chestnut wood extract (Tannin; N = 12) or 0.4% of hop cones (Hops; N = 11). The quality of meat and dry-cured products was evaluated by means of chemical composition, water holding capacity, objective color, and lipid and protein oxidation. No major effects of sweet chestnut wood extract or of hops supplementation were observed, nevertheless, some indications of improved water holding capacity could be attributed to antioxidants supplementation. The color evolution of dry-cured bellies from Tannin and Hops groups of pigs during refrigerated storage was also indicative of an improved oxidative stability.
Ključne besede: pig meat, meat quality, pig diet, tannin extract, hops, dry-cured products, oxidation, pigs
Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.12.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 8
Celotno besedilo (8,88 MB)
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Opis: The goal of this study was to develop an automated monitoring system for the detection of pigs’ bodies, heads and tails. The aim in the first part of the study was to recognize individual pigs (in lying and standing positions) in groups and their body parts (head/ears, and tail) by using machine learning algorithms (feature pyramid network). In the second part of the study, the goal was to improve the detection of tail posture (tail straight and curled) during activity (standing/moving around) by the use of neural network analysis (YOLOv4). Our dataset (n = 583 images, 7579 pig posture) was annotated in Labelbox from 2D video recordings of groups (n = 12–15) of weaned pigs. The model recognized each individual pig’s body with a precision of 96% related to threshold intersection over union (IoU), whilst the precision for tails was 77% and for heads this was 66%, thereby already achieving human-level precision. The precision of pig detection in groups was the highest, while head and tail detection precision were lower. As the first study was relatively time-consuming, in the second part of the study, we performed a YOLOv4 neural network analysis using 30 annotated images of our dataset for detecting straight and curled tails. With this model, we were able to recognize tail postures with a high level of precision (90%).
Ključne besede: pig, welfare, image processing, object detection, deep learning, smart farming
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.07.2024; Ogledov: 87; Prenosov: 9
Celotno besedilo (48,11 MB)
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Opis: In this bachelor's thesis, we used machine learning techniques to detect pigs in group pens, which would help to improve the welfare and comfort of pigs. Mask-RCNN was used for object segmentation. The implementation was based on Resnet101. The goal was to achieve the highest possible precision in detection of the pig's body, head, and tail. We predicted that the accuracy will be the highest for body detection and lower for head and tail detection. We also concluded that the difference in precision and recall will be less than 10% between hand-labeled bounding boxes and the predicted bounding boxes from our model. As predicted, body detection represented the highest results, as the accuracy of head and tail detection was lower. The difference between precision and recall was 10% for body detection and higher than 10% for head and tail detection. Precision of the body detection was 96%, as the whole body is easier to detect. The head detection precision score was 66%. Tail detection precision was 77%, which is a large difference compared to the percentage of head detection. The use of machine learning in livestock farming could be a potentially useful tool for detecting welfare in pigs, as it would reduce the frequency of aggressive behaviors and the number of injuries. In the future, we want to refine our model to achieve higher precision for head and tail detection. Once the algorithm has clearly detected all the pigs in the image, we will try to refine the model to detect different forms of behavior. This technology would help us to evaluate welfare, which would be improved if necessary.
Ključne besede: pig, pig annotation, behavior, welfare, machine learning
Objavljeno v DKUM: 08.09.2020; Ogledov: 1051; Prenosov: 188
Celotno besedilo (1,40 MB)