1. Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments : case study from the Slovenian classical karst regionLara Valentić, Peter Kozel, Tanja Pipan, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Since the start of mass production of plastic materials more than a century ago, the problem of accumulating plastic waste in the environment has reached epic proportions. Recently, the problem of smaller plastic particles (microplastic, MP) in the environment has become a widely studied topic, but the amount and types of MP in karst environments are still poorly known. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect and analyse samples from various karst habitats and to try and determine the scope of pollution in karst springs that are in part used as sources for drinking water. Of the potential pollution sources, we sampled rainwater, two discharges from wastewater treatment plants, and a leachate from a landfill. We conducted polymer analyses of potential MP particles using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that eight samples from the Postojna region (Postojna–Planina Cave System, rainfall sample and surface streams) contain up to 444 MP particles per m3. However, 32 samples taken from the Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah Cave System contain up to 60,000 MP particles per m3, with the bulk of particles found in the sediment samples from Škocjan Caves – Kačna Cave System. Samples from Postojna region contained mostly PET, PU and PA polymers, with a minor inclusion of polymers of plastic sponge used for cleaning. Samples from Škocjan region contained mostly PP, PET and PE polymers, with some of PA and PU polymers. Sediment samples contained much less MP particles compared to water samples, which indicates fast transport through karst aquifer.
Ključne besede: caves, fibres, microplastic contamination, karst (geology), groundwater, pollution, plastics, aquifers, Postojna (Slovenia), Škocjan (Slovenia)
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.07.2024; Ogledov: 122; Prenosov: 13
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2. Vpliv osončenosti na vsebnost sladkorjev in kislin v smrekovih vršičkih : magistrsko deloKristina Sodin, 2023, magistrsko delo Opis: Vršički navadne smreke so bogat vir vitamina C, vsebujejo mineralne snovi, polifenole in terpene. Njihova vsebnost je odvisna od razpoložljivosti hranil v tleh, starosti iglic in dreves, položaja iglic znotraj krošnje in letnega časa. Namen magistrske naloge je bil preučiti vpliv osončenosti na koncentracijo organskih kislin in sladkorjev v vršičkih navadne smreke in sirupu iz smrekovih vršičkov. Vršičke smo nabrali na Sv. Treh Kraljih na Pohorju. Vsebnost organskih kislin in sladkorjev smo določili s tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) v povezavi z PDA in RI detektorjem. V smrekovih vršičkih je prevladovala kininska kislina s povprečno vsebnostjo 196 mg/g suhe snovi (SS). Po vsebnosti so ji sledile šikimska, citronska in jabolčna kislina. Med sladkorji je prevladovala saharoza, glukoze je bilo manj, fruktoza je bila pod mejo določljivosti. Osončenost na vsebnost organskih kislin in sladkorjev v vršičkih ni imela značilnega vpliva. Med vsebnostjo kislin oziroma sladkorjev v smrekovih vršičkih in v sirupu ni bilo statistično značilne korelacije.
Ključne besede: navadna smreka (Picea abies (L.) Karst), kisline, sladkorji, vršički, sirup, osončenost
Objavljeno v DKUM: 07.03.2023; Ogledov: 607; Prenosov: 69
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3. Detecting karstic zones during highway construction using ground-penetrating radarMatevž Uroš Pavlič, Blaž Praznik, 2011, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been applied to determine the subsurface karstic features during the construction of the national highway in the south-eastern part of Slovenia. The highway construction is situated mostly in the dinaric karstic region with a high density of karstic features visible on the surface. Ground-penetrating radar prospecting was done in all areas where a slope was cut into the limestone bedrock. The main purpose of the survey was to map potentially hazardous zones in the highway subsurface and to detect and characterize the karst. The ground-penetrating radar method was used because of the heterogeneous nature of the karst. With its high degree of karsticifaction and geological diversity all conventional methods failed. One of GPR’s main advantages is that, while the penetration depth is limited to several meters, the obtained resolution can be on the scale of centimeters and the measured profile is continuous. Because of the ground-penetrating radar’s limitations with respect to depth, the range surveying was done simultaneously with the road construction using 200-MHz bistatic antenna on the level of the highway plane. All the 2D radargrams were constructed in 3D models where the measurements were made in raster with 2 meters between a single GPR profile. This two-meters spacing was determined as the optimal value in which only a minimal resolution-price tradeoff was made. The gathered results were tested and compared to experimental drillings and excavations so that any anomalies and reflections were calibrated.
The drilling was conducted twice, first to calibrate the radargram reflections and secondly to check and confirm the calibration success. Altogether, over 30 boreholes were drilled at various previously selected locations. The data obtained from the drilling proved to be very helpful with the calibration since anomalies found during the drilling were almost exclusively (over 95%) a result of the propagation of radar waves from the limestone to an air void or from the limestone to a clay pocket.
Drilling test boreholes proved to be a very useful tool for the calibration of the GPR anomalies recorded in 2D radargrams. Such a process showed a near 100 % accuracy with respect to interpreting the subsurface features, with 77% correctly interpreted as caves or clay pockets and 23% wrongly interpreted, where the interpretation was a void but it was indeed partly a clay-filled and partly an air-filled void. The completed survey also showed simultaneous surveying with GPR and road construction is a very efficient and economical way to predict various karstic features and the density of the karstic forms.
Ključne besede: karst, ground-penetrating radar, geotechnics, cavities, detection
Objavljeno v DKUM: 13.06.2018; Ogledov: 1314; Prenosov: 106
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5. David C. Culver and Tanja Pipan: Shallow subterranean habitats. Ecology, evolution and conservation ...Tone Novak, 2014, recenzija, prikaz knjige, kritika Ključne besede: kras, krasoslovje, ocene in poročila, karst, karstology, review
Objavljeno v DKUM: 21.12.2015; Ogledov: 1666; Prenosov: 96
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8. DINAMIKA VSEBNOSTI ANTIOKSIDANTOV V LUBJU NAVADNE SMREKE [Picea abies (L.) H. KARST.] PO OKUŽBI Z GLIVO MODRIVKO [Ceratocystis polonica (SIEM.) C. MOREAU]Mateja Felicijan, 2014, magistrsko delo Opis: Osmerozobi smrekov lubadar (Ips typographus L.) in z njim povezana patogena gliva modrivka Ceratocystis polonica (SIEM.) C. MOREAU sta eden izmed najbolj nevarnih škodljivcev navadne smreke [Picea abies (L.) H. KARST.]. Obrambni sistem lubja smreke zajema tri obrambne mehanizme (konstitutivno, inducirano in sistemsko pridobljeno obrambo) z različnimi obrambnimi strategijami. V sklopu magistrskega dela nas je zanimala dinamika vsebnosti posameznih fenolov, tiolov in askorbata v lubju navadne smreke pri okužbi s patogeno glivo v petmesečnem obdobju med 18. aprilom in 9. septembrom 2011. Začetni odziv na okužbo z glivo C. polonica je spremljal hiter porast večine antioksidantov. Tri dni po okužbi sta se močno povečali koncentraciji izorapontina in taksifolina, vsebnost katehina pa je padla. Kasneje so se koncentracije skupnih fenolov in katehina v floemu okuženih dreves do septembra postopoma povečevale. Nad nivojem kontrole so skozi petmesečno obdobje raziskave ostale tudi koncentracije taksifolina, ki so signifikantno odstopale v aprilu in juniju. Nekoliko višje koncentracije astringina v aprilu in maju so se kot odgovor na okužbo v kasnejših vzorčnih terminih znižale. Podobno se je tudi raven izorapontina v aprilu močno dvignila, nato pa se od junija dalje spustila pod raven kontrole. Za inicialni odziv askorbatno-glutationskega sistema na okužbo s patogeno glivo smo zabeležili značilno visoko raven glutation disulfida, ki ga spremlja nekoliko povišana raven skupnega askorbata in povečana aktivnost glutation reduktaze. Tri tedne kasneje smo v okuženih vzorcih zabeležili močno kopičenje tiolov, medtem ko so koncentracije skupnega askorbata signifikantno padle, redoks stanje askorbata pa se je preusmerilo k bolj oksidiranim vrednostim. Do sredine julija smo v okuženih drevesih izmerili tudi postopno povečevanje koncentracij skupnega glutationa, ki ga spremlja povečana aktivnost glutation reduktaze in obnovljeno redoks stanje glutationa. V septembru je askorbatno-glutationski sistem znotraj lubja okuženih dreves ponovno dosegel ravnovesje. Časovne spremembe koncentracij fenolnih snovi odražajo povečano obremenitev askorbatno-glutationskega sistema, ki je potreben za odstranjevanje v obrambi nastalih fenoksi radikalov. Na podlagi rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da je antioksidativni odziv lubja zaznamovan z nihanji v koncentracijah posameznih obrambnih molekul in določenimi časovnimi spremembami, na podlagi česar predpostavljamo, da je askorbatno-glutationski cikel ključni del obrambe lubja in je posredno vpleten tudi v metabolizem fenolov.
Ključne besede: navadna smreka Picea abies (L.)H.KARST., gliva modrivka Ceratocystis polonica (SIEM.) C. MOREAU, antioksidanti, fenoli, askorbatno-glutationski sistem
Objavljeno v DKUM: 01.09.2014; Ogledov: 2411; Prenosov: 276
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9. The effect of grazing pressure on species richness, composition and productivity in North Adriatic Karst pasturesSonja Škornik, Matej Vidrih, Mitja Kaligarič, 2010, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: We studied the effects of sheep grazing intensity and abandonment on plant species richness and composition, plant life forms and the productivity of North Adriatic Karst pastures. The experimental sites were under controlled grazing regimes (heavy, moderate, light and abandonment) for 10 years. Data were collected during one season; plant species composition, the number of species and above-ground and below-ground biomass were evaluated. Species richness was significantly reduced with increasing grazing intensity and abandonment. The greatest differences in species composition were recorded for the heavily grazed site owing to the appearance of a group of grasslands species typical of nutrient-rich soil. Heavy grazing increased therophytes and decreased the proportion of chamaephytes and geophytes. Above-ground productivity at the season's peak was typical of subhumid grasslands (up to 500 g ▫$m^-2$▫) and was significantly the highest in the abandoned pasture. Below-ground biomass was significantly the lowest in the heavily grazed sites and the highest in those that were moderately or lightly grazed. We could conclude that grazing intensification and abandonment have significant effects on the structure of these pastures. Low- or moderate-intensity (4-7 sheep ▫$ha^-1$▫) grazing seems to be the most appropriate treatment since it can maintain the species richness and typical floristic composition of those pastures.
Ključne besede: botany, grasslands, pastures, Karst
Objavljeno v DKUM: 07.06.2012; Ogledov: 1735; Prenosov: 104
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10. Floristic and functional comparision of karst pastures and karst meadows from the North Adriatic KarstNataša Pipenbaher, Mitja Kaligarič, Sonja Škornik, 2011, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In the present study, we compared the species richness and the floristic and functional composition of two types of extensively managed, species rich dry grasslands (class Festuco-Brometea) from the North Adriatic Karst: karst pastures (alliance Satureion subspicatae) and karst meadows (alliance Scorzonerion villose). Karst pastures are characterized by shallow rocky soils, high pH, and dry, warm conditions, whereas karst meadows have developed on deeper soil, with more humus and moisture and neutral to alkaline pH. The data set included a table with 100 phytosociological relevés of the studied grasslands and a matrix with 15 functional traits determined for 180 plant species. We found high species richness in these grasslands but no statistically significant differences in species richness between karst pastures and meadows. Differences in floristic composition were analysed with Detrended Correspondence Analysis, which supported a clear division between the two vegetation types and indicated that species composition could best be explained in terms of soil humidity and nutrient availability. We also detected several differences in plant functional traits between meadows and pastures. Some of the traits indicate greater resource availability on karst meadows (in particular, high SLA, low LDMC). In contrast, karst pastures have more slow-growing species with a combination of traits that can be interpreted as an avoidance strategy in relation to disturbance (e.g., grazing) in low productive habitats (e.g., low SLA, high LDMC, early flowering species and plants with rosette). A lower relative proportion of competitors (C) and ruderals (R), and a higher relative proportion of stress-tolerators (S) in karst pastures also suggested that these grasslands generally experience higher intensities of stress when compared to karst meadows, presumably owing to lower resource availability on stony, shallow soil. We could conclude that karst meadows and pastures differ significantly in both floristic composition and functional trait means, owing to their distinctive land-use (disturbance) and environmental conditions.
Ključne besede: grasslands, dry grasslands, North Adriatic, Karst
Objavljeno v DKUM: 07.06.2012; Ogledov: 2574; Prenosov: 101
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