Iskanje po katalogu digitalne knjižnice

Opis: Most environments favor defection over cooperation due to natural selection. Nonetheless, the emergence of cooperation is omnipresent in many biological, social, and economic systems, quite contrary to the well-celebrated Darwinian theory of evolution. Much research has been devoted to better understanding how and why cooperation persists among selfinterested individuals despite their competition for limited resources. Here we go beyond a single social dilemma since individuals usually encounter various social challenges. In particular, we propose and study a mathematical model incorporating both the prisoner’s dilemma and the snowdrift game. We further extend this model by considering ecological signatures like mutation and selfless one-sided contribution of altruist free space. The nonlinear evolutionary dynamics that results from these upgrades offer a broader range of equilibrium outcomes, and it also often favors cooperation over defection. With the help of analytical and numerical calculations, our theoretical model sheds light on the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity, and it helps to explain the evolution of social order in human societies.
Ključne besede: public goods, cooperation, mutation, social physics, evolutionary dynamics
Objavljeno v DKUM: 15.07.2024; Ogledov: 137; Prenosov: 9
Celotno besedilo (4,97 MB)
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Opis: Digital technologies provide a convenient way for the public to participate in environmental governance. Therefore, by means of a two-stage evolutionary model, a new mechanism for promoting public cooperation is proposed to accomplish environmental collaborative governance. Interactive effects of government-enterprise environmental governance are firstly explored, which is the external atmosphere for public behaviour. Second, the evolutionary dynamics of public behaviour is analysed to reveal the internal mechanism of the emergence of public cooperation in environmental collaborative governance projects. Simulations reveal that the interaction of resource elements between government and enterprise is an important basis for environmental governance performance, and that governments can improve this as well as public cooperation by increasing the marginal governance propensity. Similarly, an increase in the government's fixed expenditure item of environmental governance can also significantly improve government-enterprise performance and public cooperation. And finally, the effect of government's marginal incentive propensity on public environmental governance is moderated by enterprises' marginal environmental governance propensity, so that simply increasing the government's marginal incentive propensity cannot improve the evolutionary stable state of public behaviour under the scenario where enterprises’ marginal environmental governance propensity is low.
Ključne besede: game theory, human behaviour, cooperation, mathematical model, common goods
Objavljeno v DKUM: 28.05.2024; Ogledov: 219; Prenosov: 0

Opis: One of the famous economic models in game theory is the duopoly Stackelberg model, in which a leader and a follower firm manufacture a single product in the market. Their goal is to obtain the maximum profit while competing with each other. The desired dynamics for a firm in a market is the convergence to its Nash equilibrium, but the dynamics of real-world markets are not always steady and can result in unpredictable market changes that exhibit chaotic behaviors. On the other hand, to approach reality more, the two firms in the market can be considered heterogeneous. The leader firm is bounded rationale, and the follower firm is adaptable. Modifying the cost function that affects the firms' profit by adding the marginal cost term is another step toward reality. We propose a Stackelberg model with heterogeneous players and marginal costs, which exhibits chaotic behavior. This model's equilibrium points, including the Nash equilibrium, are calculated by the backward induction method, and their stability analyses are obtained. The influence of changing each model parameter on the consequent dynamics is investigated through one-dimensional and two-dimensional bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents spectra, and Kaplan-Yorke dimension. Eventually, using a combination of state feedback and parameter adjustment methods, the chaotic solutions of the model are successfully tamed, and the model converges to its Nash equilibrium.
Ključne besede: nonlinear dynamics, game theory, stability analysis, public goods
Objavljeno v DKUM: 02.08.2023; Ogledov: 459; Prenosov: 44
Celotno besedilo (2,45 MB)
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Opis: Price reduction is a part of The United Nation Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods remedial scheme and is available to the buyer if delivered goods are not in conformity with the sales contract. Price reduction is a very suitable remedy and offers numerous advantages in comparison to other remedies. It is widely used in practice. However, diverging scholarly interpretations and relevant case law show that there are some ambiguities and uncertainties as to its calculation. This paper will examine relevant issues regarding the calculation of price reduction.
Ključne besede: international sale of goods, CISG, buyer’s remedies, non- conformity, price reduction, calculation of price reduction
Objavljeno v DKUM: 02.08.2018; Ogledov: 1118; Prenosov: 101
Celotno besedilo (437,82 KB)
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Opis: Synergies between evolutionary game theory and statistical physics have significantly improved our understanding of public cooperation in structured populations. Multiplex networks, in particular, provide the theoretical framework within network science that allows us to mathematically describe the rich structure of interactions characterizing human societies. While research has shown that multiplex networks may enhance the resilience of cooperation, the interplay between the overlap in the structure of the layers and the control parameters of the corresponding games has not yet been investigated. With this aim, we consider here the public goods game on a multiplex network, and we unveil the role of the number of layers and the overlap of links, as well as the impact of different synergy factors in different layers, on the onset of cooperation. We show that enhanced public cooperation emerges only when a significant edge overlap is combined with at least one layer being able to sustain some cooperation by means of a sufficiently high synergy factor. In the absence of either of these conditions, the evolution of cooperation in multiplex networks is determined by the bounds of traditional network reciprocity with no enhanced resilience. These results caution against overly optimistic predictions that the presence of multiple social domains may in itself promote cooperation, and they help us better understand the complexity behind prosocial behavior in layered social systems.
Ključne besede: cooperation, public goods, networks, physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 04.12.2017; Ogledov: 1271; Prenosov: 393
Celotno besedilo (1,05 MB)
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