1. Towards a digital twin of primary drying in lyophilization using coupled 3-D equipment CFD and 1-D vial-scale simulationsMatej Zadravec, Efimia Metsi-Guckel, Blaž Kamenik, Johan Remelgas, Johannes G. Khinast, Nick Roscioli, Matthew Flamm, Harshil Renawala, Jeff Najarian, Atul Karande, Avik Sarkar, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: A digital twin of lyophilization units was developed to facilitate the scale-up of the lyophilization process from the laboratory to the commercial scale. Our focus was on ensuring successful technology transfer for manufacture of high-quality drug products. Traditionally, lyophilization models have been specific either to the equipment or to the vial. In this study, we integrated the equipment and the vial models in a way that they mutually influenced each other via boundary conditions (two-way coupling). We conducted two sets of calculations. Firstly, we performed steady-state simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate an ice slab test, which helped determine the equipment capability curve. Secondly, we carried out transient, coupled simulations using a coupled 3-D CFD and 1-D vial scale simulation model to mimic the primary drying phase in a lyophilizer. Using the coupled 3-D CFD and 1-D vial scale model, we were able to determine the product temperature, the sublimation rate and the cycle time based on the temporal and spatial conditions in the lyophilizer. The coupled approach was then applied to capture the effects of process disturbances and failure conditions in the lyophilizer, which enables a more robust process design.
Ključne besede: lyophilization, freeze-drying, sublimation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 13.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 9
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2. Vial wall effect on freeze-drying speedMatjaž Ramšak, Matjaž Hriberšek, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The vial wall thermal conductivity and thickness effect on freeze-drying speed is simulated. A 2D axisymmetric numerical simulation of Mannitol freeze-drying is employed using the boundary element method. The originality of the presented approach lies in the simulation of heat transfer in the vial walls as an additional computational domain in contrast to the typical methodology without a vial wall. The numerical model was validated using our measurements and the measurements from the literature. Increasing the glass vial thickness from 1 mm to 2 mm has been found as the major factor in primary drying time, increasing the gravimetrical Kv up to 20 % for all the simulated chamber pressures. The effect of thermal conductivity was simulated using a polymer and aluminium vial replacing the standard glass vial of the same thickness. The polymer vial‘s decreased Kv value is 5.6 % at a low chamber pressure of 50 mTorr, and 12.2 % at 400 mTorr, which is in excellent agreement with the experiment. Using higher conductivity materials, for example, aluminium, only 3.7 % and 2.3 % Kv increase were computed for low and high chamber pressures respectively.
Ključne besede: freeze-drying, lyophilization speedup, vial heat conductivity, vial wall thickness, boundary element method
Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.04.2024; Ogledov: 264; Prenosov: 36
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3. Physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles for skin care creamsPeter Majerič, Zorana Jović, Tilen Švarc, Žiga Jelen, Andrej Horvat, Djuro Koruga, Rebeka Rudolf, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have now been used in skin care creams for several years, with marketed anti-aging, moisturizing, and regenerative properties. Information on the harmful effects of these nanoparticles is lacking, a concern for the use of AuNPs as cosmetic ingredients. Testing AuNPs without the medium of a cosmetic product is a typical method for obtaining this information, which is mainly dependent on their size, shape, surface charge, and dose. As these properties depend on the surrounding medium, nanoparticles should be characterized in a skin cream without extraction from the cream’s complex medium as it may alter their physicochemical properties. The current study compares the sizes, morphology, and surface changes of produced dried AuNPs with a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilizer and AuNPs embedded in a cosmetic cream using a variety of characterization techniques (TEM, SEM, DLS, zeta potential, BET, UV–vis). The results show no observable differences in their shapes and sizes (spherical and irregular, average size of 28 nm) while their surface charges changed in the cream, indicating no major modification of their primary sizes, morphology, and the corresponding functional properties. They were present as individually dispersed nanoparticles and as groups or clusters of physically separated primary nanoparticles in both dry form and cream medium, showing suitable stability. Examination of AuNPs in a cosmetic cream is challenging due to the required conditions of various characterization techniques but necessary for obtaining a clear understanding of the AuNPs’ properties in cosmetic products as the surrounding medium is a critical factor for determining their beneficial or harmful effects in cosmetic products.
Ključne besede: gold nanoparticles, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, freeze drying, characterization, creams
Objavljeno v DKUM: 19.04.2023; Ogledov: 769; Prenosov: 79
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4. Preparation of Three Dimensional Structures of Polysaccharide Derivatives for Application in Regenerative Medicine : doctoral disertationAndreja Dobaj-Štiglic, 2022, doktorska disertacija Opis: Biocompatible polysaccharide scaffolds with controllable pore size, good mechanical properties, and no hazardous chemical crosslinkers are desirable for long-term tissue engineering applications. Despite decades of development of novel scaffolds, there are still many challenges to be solved regarding their production and optimization for specifically engineered tissues. Herein, we have fabricated several three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds using polysaccharide or polysaccharide-protein composite hydrogels or inks for 3D printing, featuring strong shear thinning behavior and adequate printability. The inks, composed of various combinations of chitosan, nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, collagen, and citric acid, were 3D printed, freeze-dried, and dehydrothermally heat-treated to obtain dimensionally and mechanically stable scaffolds. The heat-assisted step induced the formation of covalent amide and ester bonds between the functional groups of chosen polysaccharides and protein collagen. Citric acid was chosen as a non-hazardous and „green” crosslinker to further tailor the mechanical properties and long-term stability of the scaffolds.
We have investigated how the complexation conditions, charge ratio, dehydrothermal treatment, and degree of crosslinking influence the scaffolds' chemical, surface, swelling, and degradation properties in the dry and hydrated states. The compressive strength, elastic modulus, dimensional stability and shape recovery of the (crosslinked) scaffolds increased significantly with balanced charge ratio, dehydrothermal treatment, and increased concentrations of citric acid crosslinker and collagen concentrations.
The prepared crosslinked scaffolds promoted (clustered) cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects, as determined by cell viability assays and live/dead staining with human bone tissue-derived osteoblasts and human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The water-based and non-hazardous crosslinking methods presented here can be extended to all polysaccharide- or polysaccharide-protein-based materials to develop cell-friendly scaffolds with tailored properties suitable for various tissue engineering applications.
Ključne besede: chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, nanofibrillated cellulose, citric acid, collagen, freeze drying, 3D printing, dehydrothermal treatment
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.10.2022; Ogledov: 675; Prenosov: 156
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