1. The ǂeffect of fuel quality on cavitation phenomena in common-rail diesel injector—a numerical studyLuka Kevorkijan, Ignacijo Biluš, Eloisa Torres Jiménez, Luka Lešnik, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Plastic is one of the most widely used materials worldwide. The problem with plastic
arises when it becomes waste, which needs to be treated. One option is to transform plastic waste
into synthetic fuels, which can be used as replacements or additives for conventional fossil fuels
and can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste treatment compared with landfilling and other
traditional waste management processes. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis are common processes
in which synthetic fuels can be produced from plastic waste. The properties of pyrolytic oil are
similar to those of fossil fuels, but different additives and plastic stabilizers can affect the quality
of these synthetic fuels. The quality of fuels and the permissible particle sizes and number density
are regulated by fuel standards. Particle size in fuels is also regulated by fuel filters in vehicles,
which are usually designed to capture particles larger than 4 µm. Problems can arise with the
number density (quantity) of particles in synthetic fuels compared to that in fossil fuels. The present
work is a numerical study of how particle size and number density (quantity) influence cavitation
phenomena and cavitation erosion (abrasion) in common-rail diesel injectors. The results provide
more information on whether pyrolysis oil (synthetic fuel) from plastic waste can be used as a
substitute for fossil fuels and whether their use can contribute to more sustainable plastic waste
treatments. The results indicate that the particle size and number density slightly influence cavitation
phenomena in diesel injectors and significantly influence abrasion.
Ključne besede: plastic waste, synthetic fuels, pyrolytic oil, common rail, cavitation, erosion, particles
Objavljeno v DKUM: 05.07.2024; Ogledov: 131; Prenosov: 10
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2. Obtaining the synthetic fuels from waste plastic and their effect on cavitation formation in a common-rail diesel injectorLuka Kevorkijan, Amalia Palomar-Torres, Eloisa Torres Jiménez, Carmen Mata, Ignacijo Biluš, Luka Lešnik, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The presented paper addresses two significant issues of the present time. In general, the studies of the effect of synthetic fuels on cavitation formation and cavitation erosion prediction in the nozzle tip of common-rail diesel injectors were addressed. The first problem is plastic waste, which can have a significant negative environmental impact if not treated properly. Most plastic waste has high energy value, so it represents valuable material that can be used in resource recovery to produce various materials. One possible product is synthetic fuel, which can be produced using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. The first issue addressed in the presented paper is the determination of fuel properties since they highly influence the fuel injection process, spray development, combustion, etc. The second is the prediction of cavitation development and cavitation erosion in a common-rail diesel injector when using pyrolytic oils from waste plastic. At first, pyrolytic oils from waste high- and low-density polyethylene were obtained using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. Then, the obtained oils were further characterised. Finally, the properties of the obtained oils were implemented in the ANSYS FLUENT computational program and used in the study of the cavitation phenomena inside an injection nozzle hole. The cavitating flow in FLUENT was calculated using the Mixture Model and Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model. For the modelling of turbulence, a realisable k–ε model with Enhanced Wall Treatment was used, and an erosion risk indicator was chosen to compare predicted locations of cavitation erosion. The results indicate that the properties of the obtained pyrolytic oils have slightly lower density, surface tension and kinematic viscosity compared to conventional diesel fuel, but these minor differences influence the cavitation phenomenon inside the injection hole. The occurrence of cavitation is advanced when pyrolytic oils are used, and the length of cavitation structures is greater. This further influences the shift of the area of cavitation erosion prediction closer to the nozzle exit and increases its magnitude up to 26% compared to diesel fuel. All these differences have the potential to further influence the spray break-up process, combustion process and emission formation inside the combustion chamber.
Ključne besede: plastic waste, synthetic fuels, pyrolytic oils, common-rail, cavitation, erosion, transient simulation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 18.03.2024; Ogledov: 299; Prenosov: 14
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3. Experimental analysis of cavitation erosion in a particle-laden flowFilip Jovanovski, 2023, diplomsko delo Opis: Cavitation erosion is a problem that presents a challenge for the engineers in different industries, as it erodes the machinery which leads to lower efficiency and higher maintanance costs. An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate cavitation and cavitation erosion with and without the presence of solid particles in a Venturi channel. The methodology is based on observing and analysing the evolution of the vapour structures and occurence of cavitation erosion on the sample surface in the Venturi channel. To conduct experiments the cavitation tunnel was used, with the central component being a transparent test section with a Venturi-like channel (constructed from Plexiglass walls and a metal insert) to monitor the process of cavitation. To detect the damage caused by cavitation erosion and abrasion, the most effective solution was found to be an indicator in the form of black acrylic paint thinned with water (at a ratio of 1:2). On the sample surface, a self-adhesive aluminium tape was applied to protect the aluminium base from erosive characteristics from cavitation Furthermore, a comparison between cavitation with and without solid particles was made to determine the effects of solid particles on both cavitation and abrasion of the sample surface. The observation revealed that no matter the solid particles, damage from cavitation erosion appears at the separation point and in proximity to the location of the detached cloud collapse. The spherical glass particles with diameters between 40 µm and 70 µm added an abrasive effect on the sample surface only in the presence of cavitation structures. It was determined, that the intensity of cavitation erosion and abrasion increases when the cavitation number decreases and volumetric flow rate increases. Also, an economic analysis was conducted, to determine which is the more cost beneficial solution between replacement of the metal insert and application of protective coatings over the metal insert.
Ključne besede: cavitation erosion, solid particles, abrasion, experiment
Objavljeno v DKUM: 28.02.2024; Ogledov: 230; Prenosov: 26
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4. Cavitation erosion modelling : comparison of different driving pressure approachesLuka Kevorkijan, Marko Pezdevšek, Ignacijo Biluš, Gorazd Hren, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In this paper we compared different driving pressure approaches to calculate the cavitation potential energy from a source, which is transferred to a surface. The first approach used the reference pressure, the second approach used the pressure calculated at each timestep with no averaging, the third approach used the averaged pressure values from all timesteps included in one shedding cycle, and the last approach used pressure values from the steady state simulations results. The results show that for all formulations the averaged pressure values and steady state pressure values give similar results in terms of mean potential power distribution on the hydrofoil surface as in absolute values. The reference pressure approach gave similar results for the derivative and divergence formulation while for the source term the mean potential power distribution on the hydrofoil surface differs and the maximums were near the leading edge. The approach where we used no pressure averaging gave adequate results in terms of mean potential power distribution but differs from other approaches in absolute values which were considerably lower for all potential power formulations.
Ključne besede: cavitation, erosion potentional, driving pressure, numerical simulations
Objavljeno v DKUM: 21.02.2024; Ogledov: 400; Prenosov: 14
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6. Prediction of cavitation and particle erosion in a radial divergent test sectionLuka Kevorkijan, Luka Lešnik, Ignacijo Biluš, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The 3D unsteady, cavitating, particle-laden flow through a radial divergent test section was simulated with the homogeneous mixture model and Discrete Phase Model (DPM) within the commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent. For turbulence, a RANS approach was adopted with the Reboud’s correction of turbulent viscosity in the k-ω SST model. Cavitation erosion was predicted with the Schenke-Melissaris-Terwisga (SMT) model, while particle erosion was predicted with the Det Norske Veritas (DNV) model. Two distinct erosion zones were identified, one for pure cavitation erosion and one for pure particle erosion. The occurrence of the pure particle erosion zone downstream of the cavitation erosion zone was analysed. By observing the streamlines downstream of the cavitation structures, it was found that vortices form in the flow and redirect the particles towards the wall, causing a pure particle erosion zone on the wall. Particles under consideration in this study were not found to alter the flow to the extent that the cavitation erosion zone would be significantly altered compared with the results without solid particles which are reported in the literature.
Ključne besede: cavitation, Particles ANSYS Fluent, erosion, CFD, modelling, DPM
Objavljeno v DKUM: 30.10.2023; Ogledov: 285; Prenosov: 9
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7. Evaluation of the constriction size reduction of granular filters due to upstream cohesive base-soil erosionSamira Azirou, Ahmed Benamar, Abdelkader Tahakourt, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This study is devoted to filter-constrictions analysis and its application with respect to void and constrictions reduction during soil filtration. The experimental investigation involves combined Hole Erosion-Filtration tests using several soils and filters. The base soils are lean clays and the granular filters are selected according to the usual filtration criteria. The combination of the experimental data for porosity variation and the analytical results from the Constriction Size Distribution (CSD) analysis was used to evaluate the constrictions size reduction subsequent to the filtration process. The filtration depth was also estimated according to the retained soil mass and the porosity reduction deduced from the measured hydraulic conductivity. An analytical model of the CSD was applied to the experimental results in order to assess the constrictions reduction. As regards the obtained results, a nonuniform constriction reduction was suggested according to the effective filtration depth, advocating a dynamic filter action.
Ključne besede: granular filter, internal erosion, constriction, porosity, filtration index
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.10.2018; Ogledov: 1492; Prenosov: 587
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8. A stability assessment of coastal cliffs using digital imageryIgor Ružić, Čedomir Benac, Ivan Marović, Suzana Ilić, 2015, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The investigated area around the Stara Baška settlement (the island of Krk, NE channel part of the Adriatic Sea) is in a delicate geodynamic balance. Marine erosion is quite prominent and the recorded cliff retreat between 1966 and 2004 was from 4 to 5 metres. The cliff slopes are formed in talus breccias. Strong waves and formations of wave-cut notches are the main causes of the cliff’s instability. The secondary causes are the weathering and erosion of the soil and rocks on the cliff. The slump of the cliff slope can occur in a rock mass with higher strength parameters, where the notches are cut a few metres inward into the toe of the cliff slope. A combined method for the stability analysis of the coastal cliffs was tested; this incorporates the cantilever-beam model and the structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. This method can provide highly detailed 3D geometrical data of the cliff, which can then be used in the calculations of the stability model. This is particularly important in a stability analysis of lithologically heterogeneous rocks such as breccias with varied geometry, which cannot be easily replaced by a rectangular surface. The simple and useful SfM method overcomes the limitations of traditional surveys in estimating the cliff overhang surface and the notch length.
Ključne besede: marine erosion, cliff stability, SfM photogrammetry, Krk island, Adriatic sea
Objavljeno v DKUM: 15.06.2018; Ogledov: 1822; Prenosov: 241
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