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Opis: Background: Motherhood penalty has often been considered the base for the wage gap and the glass ceiling phenomena. It represents a delicate topic in gender equality since its effects tend to persist over medium to long time periods and its validity holds in most countries. The study has been designed to investigate the specific contribution of employer discrimination to the overall motherhood penalty in socioeconomic contexts characterized by the archetype of the “male breadwinner model”, which has been further exacerbated by the recent Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The employer discrimination phenomenon has often been treated as a black box, since longitudinal data and panel regression modelling were unsuitable to assess the magnitude of the effect of this variable on the overall motherhood penalty. For this study, we addressed this gap by focusing on employer discrimination in the specific context of Germany. The work is based on data generated from a survey conducted among 2,130 working mothers and it is presented as a qualitative content analysis. Results: Our qualitative angle on the employer discrimination phenomenon confirmed previous quantitative investigations. Firstly, the employer attitude toward working mothers conformed to the “second shift” hypothesis, with highly skilled mothers in managerial roles in particular experiencing the largest motherhood gap in our sample. Secondly, we found confirmation for the theory of human capital, with working mothers seeing their career progression come to a halt or temporary slowdown, and pending salary increases not implemented as originally planned. Finally, we found employer discrimination taking various forms, the most frequent being a mismatch between skills level of the working mothers and the suggested new role post parental leave. Conclusion: Our study confirms the previous academic investigations on the topic discussing the antecedents of the motherhood gap, namely the “second shift” hypothesis and the work-effort hypothesis. Ultimately, employers seem to trigger, voluntarily or not, certain career choices for working mothers (e.g., “mother-friendly” arrangements) which cause the motherhood gap to increase, and thus further reinforce the traditional male breadwinner model.
Ključne besede: gender studies, motherhood penalty, employer discrimination, glass ceiling, content analysis
Objavljeno v DKUM: 24.09.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 4
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Opis: In this paper, we examine roots of graph polynomials where those roots can be considered as structural graph measures. More precisely, we prove analytical results for the roots of certain modified graph polynomials and also discuss numerical results. As polynomials, we use, e.g., the Hosoya, the Schultz, and the Gutman polynomial which belong to an interesting family of degree-distance-based graph polynomials; they constitute so-called counting polynomials with non-negative integers as coefficients and the roots of their modified versions have been used to characterize the topology of graphs. Our results can be applied for the quantitative characterization of graphs. Besides analytical results on bounds and convergence, we also investigate other properties of those measures such as their degeneracy which is an undesired aspect of graph measures. It turns out that the measures representing roots of graph polynomials possess high discrimination power on exhaustively generated trees, which outperforms standard versions of these indices. Furthermore, a new measure is introduced that allows us to compare different topological indices in terms of structure sensitivity and abruptness.
Ključne besede: graph theory, Hosoya polynomial, Schultz polynomial, Gutman polynomial, root-index, discrimination power, structure sensitivity
Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.07.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 5
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Opis: Climate change and climate-driven migration are two of the defining challenges of the twenty-first century, and there is no legal framework for protecting those displaced across national borders for climate-related reasons. The 1951 Refugee Convention hardly applies to human mobility in the context of climate change. This paper was written in the hopes of initiating a discussion concerning an alternative perspective through which persons fleeing natural disasters linked to climate change may satisfy the eligibility conditions for recognition of refugee status. Expanding the definition of refugee as defined in the Convention by including the notion of vulnerability to climate disasters that are caused by the underlying socio-economic conditions in the claimant’s home country and the role of discrimination in causing differential exposure to the climate-related disasters in legal definitions might open the door for the availability of refugee status for persons fleeing in the context of climate change. This paper proposes the adoption of a reformed human rights-based interpretation, particularly with regard to the individual nature of refugee status determination. Recalibrating the Convention to facilitate climate-induced migration could reduce political tension and social unrest in receiving countries.
Ključne besede: climate change, climate-driven migration or displacement, climate migrants, climate refugees, determination of refugee status, the 1951 refugee convention, human rights-based approach, socio-economic conditions, vulnerability to climate disasters, the role of discrimination, rights-based climate litigation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 19.04.2024; Ogledov: 168; Prenosov: 36
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Ključne besede: equal treatment, health inequalities, ethnic discrimination, racial discrimination, Roma, European social policy, Slovenia social policy
Objavljeno v DKUM: 15.01.2021; Ogledov: 766; Prenosov: 26
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Opis: The article discusses the relationship between the physician and the patient through different branches of Turkish Law. The author explains the legal theory of physician (as self-employed as well as employed in hospital) – patient relationship in the limits of legislation and court practices, and gives special emphasis on contemporary open questions in Turkish Law. Special intentions is given also to criminal law, duty to inform, liability and consent. The author presents contemporary constitutional and supreme court decision relating to the Casarean, plastic surgery, burden of proof, compensations ...
Ključne besede: patient, physician, discrimination, criminal law, Turkish law
Objavljeno v DKUM: 08.10.2018; Ogledov: 1079; Prenosov: 171
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