Iskanje po katalogu digitalne knjižnice

Ključne besede: pralni stroj, doziranje vode, poraba vode, hidrostat, eng, washing machine, laundry machine, water filling, water consumption, pressure switch
Objavljeno: 04.02.2009; Ogledov: 2381; Prenosov: 380
Celotno besedilo (11,94 MB)

Opis: This paper presents self-manufacturing cost estimation, cost optimization and competitiveness of different composite floor systems: composite I beams, composite trusses produced from rolled channel sections and composite trusses made from cold formed hollow sections. Part 1 of this two-part series of papers presents the estimation of the self-manufacturing (direct production) costs for composite and steel structures. The self-manufacturing costs are proposed to be defined as the sum of the material, the power consumption and the labour costs. The material costs of the structural steel, concrete, reinforcement, the shear connectors, electrodes, the anti-corrosion, fire protection and top coat painting, the formwork floor-slab panels and gas consumption are presented in detail. The power consumption costs comprise costs of sawing the steel sections, edge grinding, drilling, welding, stud welding and vibrating the concrete. The labour costs (times) presented define the costs of metal cutting, edge grinding, preparation, assembling and tacking, welding, welding of shear connectors, steel surface preparation and protection, drilling, cutting, placing and connecting the reinforcement, concreting, consolidating and curing the concrete. New approximation functions are proposed for the calculation of some manufacturing times and material consumptions. As the discussed costs vary significantly around the world, the proposed cost expressions are given in the open form to be used for cost estimation in different economic conditions. A numerical example of the estimation of the self-manufacturing costs for a composite I beam floor system shows the suitability of the proposed approach. On the basis of the defined self-manufacturing costs, introduced in Part 1, the cost optimization and the competitiveness of different composite floor systems are discussed in Part 2.
Ključne besede: cost estimation, self-manufacturing costs, material costs, power consumption costs, labour costs, steel structures, composite structures, welded structures
Objavljeno: 30.05.2012; Ogledov: 1542; Prenosov: 21
Povezava na celotno besedilo

Opis: In this article, an extended and combined systematic approach for water minimization in process industries is presented. Environmental, organizational and economic aspects of water minimization were taken into consideration. Systematic approach was developed and tested with the water minimization project in a sugar plant. A detailed survey of water and wastewater streams was carried out and several options for water minimization were proposed using the heuristic approach and considering the selection criteria like costs, technical ability, reliability, complexity, impact on process/product quality, secondary waste generation etc. The implementation of water minimization options could lower the fresh water consumption by 54.23 m3/h, reducing the total volume of water used by 69 % with the payback period of 5 days. At the end, some general directions and suggestions for water minimization in process industries are introduced.
Ključne besede: chemical processing, sugar production, water consumption, minimization, cleaner production
Objavljeno: 01.06.2012; Ogledov: 1509; Prenosov: 58
Povezava na celotno besedilo

Ključne besede: life environment, models, life success, time, genetics, women, women question, theory, culture, nature, power, flexibility, consumption, human, health, efficiency, paradoxes, globalisation
Objavljeno: 01.06.2012; Ogledov: 867; Prenosov: 25
Povezava na celotno besedilo

Ključne besede: tourism, sustainability, energy consumption, culture change
Objavljeno: 05.06.2012; Ogledov: 1806; Prenosov: 44
Povezava na celotno besedilo