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Opis: Unilateral arbitration clauses are clauses that provide one party with an option to choose between either arbitral or court proceedings. The other party does not have such choice, but its dispute resolution mechanism is predetermined from the outset. For that exact reason, the question is raised whether such clauses are problematic. This question stems from the proposition that there is inherent inequality between the parties arising out of the nature of such agreement. Especially problematic aspect of inequality is highlighted when the disadvantaged party is not granted any other contractional benefit in return. Interpretation regarding as to what is breaching the principle of equal treatment and at the same time possibly public policy of a relevant country differs throughout different jurisdictions. Highest regard must be given to interpretations of countries of the seat of arbitration or the countries where the final award is to be recognised and enforced. This is due to the fact that if the clause is considered contrary to public policy of these countries there is risk of award being set aside or of the refusal of recognition and enforcement of the award. However, even in the event that consequences are not as grave the risk remains that such arbitration agreement will not be respected its entirety. Thus, the utilisation of unilateral arbitration clauses is clouded by uncertainty. The uncertainty exists specifically in regard to the disadvantaged party as until the procedure is initiated, that party will not be able to anticipate what type of proceeding it will be subjected to. Further, there is uncertainty from the perspective of both parties as the concerns regarding validity and enforcement are ever present. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for parties to draft unilateral arbitration agreements with absolute precision and with due regard to the possible obstacles.
Ključne besede: international commercial arbitration, international investment arbitration, arbitration clause, unilateral arbitration clause, party equality, enforceability
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.11.2020; Ogledov: 1732; Prenosov: 152
Celotno besedilo (536,03 KB)

Opis: As the revision process of Brussels I Regime has focused on the abolition of exequatur procedures, the interface between the Regulation and arbitration has been mostly a side note. Regardless of the fact that the systems of the Brussels I Regime and arbitration are two separate autonomous systems, overlapping issues arise. These interfaces have been discussed in the case-law of ECJ and later during the revision process. In the end, recitals elaborating the interface were added to the preamble of the Regulation, but no changes to the arbitration exclusion were introduced. The recital 12 aims to clarify how the arbitration exclusion adopted in the Regulation should be interpreted in the future. However, future case-law of ECJ is elemental to define the full meaning of the recitals.
Ključne besede: Brussels I, arbitration, New York Convention, lis pendens, parallel proceedings
Objavljeno v DKUM: 02.08.2018; Ogledov: 1336; Prenosov: 113
Celotno besedilo (518,28 KB)
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Opis: Konvencija Združenih narodov o pogodbah o mednarodni prodaji blaga (CISG, tudi Dunajska konvencija) predstavlja unifikacijo prava mednarodne prodaje. Kot instrument unifikacije zagotavlja enoten pravni okvir za tiste pogodbe o prodaji blaga, ki jih med seboj sklepajo poslovni subjekti s sedežem v različnih državah. Njen univerzalni značaj je utemeljen z dejstvom, da jo je ratificiralo že 74 držav z vseh petih kontinentov, ki skupaj opravijo več kot dve tretjini svetovne trgovinske menjave. CISG predstavlja svojevrsten konsenz in hkrati kompromis med sicer diametralno različnimi rešitvami posameznih vprašanj prodajnega prava, ki so uveljavljene znotraj posameznih nacionalnih pravnih ureditev. Na podlagi konvencije je ena izmed temeljnih obveznosti prodajalca, da dobavi blago v skladu s pogodbo in to konvencijo- istovetno blago. V kolikor to obveznost krši zagotavlja konvencija kupcu določene sankcije oziroma pravna sredstva. CISG pa uporabo posameznih pravnih sredstev veže na dejstvo ali gre v konkretnem primeru za bistveno ali nebistveno kršitev pogodbe, t.j. ali je konkretno neistovetnost mogoče opredeliti kot bistveno kršitev pogodbe ali ne. Angloameriško pravo, na katerem v sferi urejanja pravnih sredstev temelji konvencija, namreč razlikujejo med dvema vrstama pogodbenih obveznosti in sicer med bistvenimi in nebistvenimi pri čemer se pri kršitvi prvih lahko pogodba razdre pri kršitvi drugih pa to ni dopustno. Ureditev kupčevih sankcij po CISG, tako kot v večini pravnih redov, temelji na treh osnovnih pravnih sredstvih: izpolnitveni zahtevek, razdor pogodbe in znižanje kupnine. Poleg omenjenih sredstev pa daje CISG pravico do odškodnine, ne glede na to ali je bila pogodba razdrta ali pa je bila na koncu pravilno izpolnjena. Se pa višina odškodnine omejuje s kriterijem, da mora biti za kršiteljico obseg škode predvidljiv že ob sklenitvi pogodbe.
Ključne besede: Dunajska konvencija–CISG, istovetnost blaga–35. člen CISG, pravna sredstva kupca v primeru prodajalčeve kršitve pogodbe–45. člen CISG, dobava nadomestnega blaga–46(2). člen CISG, popravilo blaga–(46(3) CISG), razdor pogodbe-49. člen CISG, znižanje kupnine–50 člen CISG, odškodnina–74. do 77. člen CISG, Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot.
Objavljeno v DKUM: 14.09.2012; Ogledov: 3684; Prenosov: 493
Celotno besedilo (1,20 MB)