1. Self-legitimacy of police officers in SloveniaRok Hacin, Gorazd Meško, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose – In recent years, several studies on self-legitimacy of police officers were conducted; however, few have tested the unstable nature of legitimacy in different time periods. This paper aims to focus on the self-legitimacy of police officers and its impact on pro-organizational behavior in 2013 and 2016.
Design/methodology/approach – The study took place in eight regional police directorates in Slovenia. The number of participants amounted to 529 police officers in 2013 and 478 police officers in 2016 that have completed a paper and pencil survey that was pretested using a convenience sample of police officers studying as part-time undergraduate students.
Findings – Overall findings revealed organizational commitment as the strongest predictor of self-legitimacy of police officers in Slovenia. The invariance of the “core variables” and their influence on the self-legitimacy of police officers in different time periods was confirmed. Their perception of individual legitimacy, organizational commitment, education and years of service influenced pro-organizational behaviors of police officers.
Research limitations/implications – Limitations of the study can be seen in the sincerity of participating police officers and the nature of self-legitimacy, which operates differently in different societies.
Practical implications – The results could be used for the improvement of policing in a young democratic country.
Social implications – Legitimacy, procedural justice and other components of policing in a democratic society need to be tested globally, especially in young democracies. This study is an example of an ongoing, follow-up endeavor of researchers and the national police to reflect upon the development of policing.
Originality/value – The paper has confirmed the invariance of relations with colleagues, supervisors’ procedural justice and audience legitimacy on the self-legitimacy in different time periods and societies.
Ključne besede: police, policing, self-legitimacy, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.06.2024; Ogledov: 117; Prenosov: 7
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2. The policing perspective of personal data protection and the right to be forgotten in Europe and in the Republic of SloveniaMiha Dvojmoč, Tinkara Bulovec, Katja Eman, 2023, pregledni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose:
The article raises the question, whether the data protection regulation in
police procedures is sufficient and whether it does not ‘harm’ the person subject
to the procedure.
Design/Methods/Approach:
The impact, advantages and disadvantages of legislative changes on
implementing specific police tasks (e.g. biometric data, facial recognition
systems and automatic identification of vehicle registration plates) are presented,
emphasising regulation in the Republic of Slovenia as a systematic literature
review.
Findings:
The latest changes in personal data protection were related to the definition,
collection, processing, use, transmission and storage of personal data. An
individual has rights relating to access to information, processing, correction,
restrictions on use, transferability, deletion and objection to the processing of
personal data. When police operate within the law, their powers must align with
constitutional and legal provisions. This alignment safeguards interventions
in individual privacy. Yet, without legal clarity, known as lex certa, there’s a
risk of actions becoming unwarranted intrusions into rights and freedoms. A
consensus is needed between the protection of individual privacy and enabling
the effective investigation and control of crime by law enforcement authorities.
Research Limitation/Implications:
The research was focus only on data protection regulation in police
procedures.
Practical Implication:
The findings of the article offer insight into data protection regulation in
police procedures and highlights the gaps and formulate starting points for
future research. Originality/Value:
The article is the first systematic literature review in data protection in police
procedures in Slovenia.
Ključne besede: protection of personal data, GDPR, police procedures, right to be forgotten, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 15.01.2024; Ogledov: 287; Prenosov: 12
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3. The importance and effectiveness assessment of internal control in the Slovenian policeBranko Lobnikar, Kiara Ropoša, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose: The paper presents the findings of a study conducted on a sample of internal control providers within the Slovenian police as part of the target research project "Effectiveness of Systemic Control of the Police in Regard to Human Rights as well as the Statutory and Professional Standards of Police Work (V5-1942)". The purpose of the study was to analyse the control activity in the Slovenian police from the viewpoint of those carrying out control procedures. We were interested in their view of the control process and, through the interviews, we analysed the opportunities and shortcomings of the control activity within the Slovenian police in relation to systemic control conducted by external stakeholders. Design/Methods/Approach: We examined the regulatory framework of control activities in the public sector and in the police and presented the approaches used across Europe. In the empirical part, we conducted structured interviews with employees at the state level, namely with the employees tasked with carrying out control procedures in the General Police Directorate, the Criminal Police Directorate and the Uniformed Police Directorate, and we also conducted interviews with two superintendents at the Police Directorate level. We conducted a total of seven interviews. Findings: The research found that audits, whether carried out by the Ministry of the Interior or by the Police auditors, are seen as a vital element of the management of a police organization. The interview subjects emphasized the role of the heads of police units - both from the point of view of planning internal control activities and translating the findings of the audits into police practice. The dissemination of audit findings can be ensured through the digitization of police work processes; interviewees expressed the need for a systematic solution that would allow them to test the competencies of police officers. Research Limitations/Implications: The article presents the findings from the point of view of the employees responsible for carrying out control activities within the Slovenian police. For a more complete overview of the matter, our findings should be compared with the perspective of those who are the subjects of the control activities, i.e. the police officers who have undergone the control process. The findings of the research are useful primarily for the purposes of planning the processes related to the management and administration of police work and from the point of view of improving the quality of police work. Originality/Value: The paper examines how the employees responsible for carrying out the control activities perceive their own work and how the processes involved in the control of police work are organized, how they function and how effective they are.
Ključne besede: audit, internal control, police, police powers, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.06.2021; Ogledov: 992; Prenosov: 14
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4. Systemic direction and supervision of police work in the Republic of Slovenia : current situation analysisMaja Modic, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of the target research project "Effectiveness of Systemic Supervision of the Police in Regard to Human Rights as well as the Statutory and Professional Standards of Police Work (V5-1942)". We focused on the implementation of systemic supervision of police work, more precisely, on the operations of the Division for System Guidelines and Supervision of the Police, which operates within the Police and Security Directorate. Design/Methods/Approach: We examined how systemic supervisory activity of the work of the police is regulated by Slovenian law, limiting ourselves to the work of the Division for System Guidelines and Supervision of the Police. Based on the findings and an additional review of anonymised supervision reports, we prepared a questionnaire and conducted a structured written interview as well as oral interviews with the Division's employees. Findings: Systemic supervision efforts are contributing significantly to the quality of policing, but challenges and opportunities for improvement still remain. One of the main challenges is keeping police officers informed about supervision reports and effectively implementing inspection findings. Research Limitations/Implication: In the part of the study described, we focus exclusively on the work of the Division for System Guidelines and Supervision of the Police and take a look at systemic supervision activities solely from the Division's point of view. For a more complete overview of the matter, our findings should be compared with the perspective of those being supervised, i.e. the police officers who have undergone supervision. Originality/Value: The main added value of the paper is that it examines how supervisors perceive their own work and the organisation, operation and effectiveness of systemic supervisions of police work.
Ključne besede: systemic supervision of police work, Division for System Guidelines and Supervision of the Police, Police and Security Directorate, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.06.2021; Ogledov: 1078; Prenosov: 22
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5. Complaints against the Slovenian police : on the problem of independence and procedural impartialityBenjamin Flander, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose: The paper focuses on the problem of independence and impartiality of the complaints procedure against police work in Slovenia. Relying on the findings of the targeted research project, we address and examine the concerns regarding the adequacy of the current format and indicate the possibilities for legislative changes and reform. Design/Methods/Approach: We carried out an analysis of the legal regulation of the complaints procedure regarding the work of police officers and the results of previous research in the field. Based on the findings, we conducted a structured interview with a general questionnaire in written form and oral interviews with the people who perform the complaints procedures. Findings: The current regulation of complaints has advantages and disadvantages. According to the interviewees and in line with a wider professional consensus, complaints procedures should in future be carried out outside the Ministry of the Interior ("the Ministry") and the police. This would mean that complaints procedures would gain what they lack at present, namely the appearance of impartiality and formal/institutional independence. Research Limitations/Implications: In our research, we interviewed employees of the Ministry and representatives of the public who are involved in proceedings before the complaints panels of the Ministry. In future research, other participants (e.g. the complainants and police officers) should also be interviewed for a more comprehensive view of the issue. Originality/Value: We examined the views of the employees of the Ministry who carry out complaints procedures in order to establish the validity of concerns regarding the adequacy of current regulation and we indicated the possibilities for reform of the current procedures.
Ključne besede: complaints against police work, procedure, independence, impartiality, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.06.2021; Ogledov: 1325; Prenosov: 26
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6. The perceived value of college education and experience to police work in SloveniaJason Rydberg, Mahesh Nalla, Gorazd Meško, 2010, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose:
This paper examines the distribution of officer demographic characteristics on dispositions across the perceived value of both college education and experience to police work in the post-independent Slovenia.
Design/Methods/Approach:
Using the responses of 995 Slovenian police officers, the present analysis utilizes bivariate tests of significance to examine how characteristics such as education level, experience, and occupational role are related to the perceived value of college education and experience to police work.
Findings:
Overall, the officers in the sample perceived experience to be far more beneficial to their work than college education. In terms of specific officer characteristics, college educated officers and female officers perceived college education to be beneficial to their work, relative to high school educated, male colleagues. In terms of experience, less experienced officers, younger officers, and those with lower salaries perceived experience to be more beneficial than their more experienced, older, well-compensated counterparts. There were also differences among occupational groups, with patrol officers finding experience more beneficial.
Research limitations/implications:
Given that the data were not drawn from a study specifically focused on the perceived benefits of education or experience, the dependent measures could be improved.
Originality/Value:
Though much research in the United States has sought to examine the effect of gaining a college education on police attitudes and behaviors, little research has examined the extent to which police officers themselves perceive college education and experience to be beneficial to their work, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Ključne besede: Slovenia Police, college education, experience, police attitudes
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.05.2020; Ogledov: 1298; Prenosov: 35
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7. Transformational leadership styles in Slovenian PoliceDžemal Durić, 2011, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose:
The purpose of this research was to examine leadership styles among managers at different organizational levels in Slovenian Police organization and to examine relationships between leadership styles and outcomes criteria (effectiveness, satisfaction, and extra effort).
Design/Methods/Approach:
The study took a quantitative approach to test the Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM) with Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Survey included police managers at local (290), regional (122), and state (74) level of Slovenian Police organization.
Findings:
There are more transformational leadership styles than transactional leadership styles and laissez-faire leadership styles demonstrated among Slovenian Police managers. Transformational leadership styles are expressed especially at higher organizational levels. Relationship between transformational leadership and outcomes criteria is stronger than relationship between transactional leadership and outcomes criteria. There is negative relationship between laissez-faire leadership styles and outcome criteria.
Research limitations:
The results are comparable with similar studies which used MLQ for self rating or measuring self perceptions of leadership styles. Future research should include subordinate’s perception of police manager’s leadership styles. That would reflect more realistic picture about leadership practice and performance.
Practical implications:
Results indicate which leadership styles have positive relationships with outcome criteria and can be a useful input for police leadership training and development process.
Originality/Value:
This study contributes to the Police Leadership literature. Paper extends understanding of leadership styles in police organizations and supports the propositions of the Full Range Leadership Model that transformational leadership extends the results of transactional leadership toward results beyond expectations.
Ključne besede: police, police hierarchy, leadership, Full Range Leadership Model, transformational leadership style, organizational levels, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 05.05.2020; Ogledov: 1358; Prenosov: 61
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8. The psychodynamic processes related to the involvement in peacekeeping missions : experiences of Slovenian police officersBranko Lobnikar, Špela Vesel, Emanuel Banutai, 2011, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to review the decade of Slovenian police officer’s experiences with international peacekeeping operations. The main goal of police officers, involved in these missions, is to prevent conflicts between opposite sites, to implement basic agreements, protect humanitarian missions and reinforce policing operations in the conflict area. The purpose of the paper is to acknowledge the lessons learned while planning and implementing further cooperation of Slovenian police officers in peacekeeping (police) operations. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the consequences of deployment to peacekeeping missions for police officers as well as their family members (partners and children) by analyzing the psychodynamic processes related to the involvement in peacekeeping missions.
Design/Methods/Approach:
The paper is based on the review of literature. The empirical part of the paper presents the results of the research on a small sample of police officers (n = 36) and their family members (n = 25 partners + 35 children).
Findings:
Police peacekeepers should be well prepared for different stress situations; they are exposed to various stress factors before, during, and after serving in a mission. That is why training and reintegration programmes are of great importance. We establish that respondents assess that deployment to a peacekeeping mission has a positive and negative impact on the relationships between family members. As many as ¾ of mission members believe deployment can have a positive impact above all in the sense of strengthening the emotional ties between partners, increased mutual trust and strengthening of the partnership. For them, deployment to a peacekeeping mission is a challenge and personal experience, which can change the way they see the world. 2/3 of partners state similar positive impacts and they also believe that there is more trust between the partners after the experience with the peacekeeping mission, they treasure their time together and thus represent bigger support for each other in difficult times. As the most common problem, respondents perceived marital problems and the occurrence of negative feelings among family members (anger, avoidance, judgment ...). A large share of respondents stressed problems with children. 43.8% of respondents also named depression as a problem.
Research limitations/implications:
The findings are limited to the Slovenian police and their police officer’s experiences, serving in various police peacekeeping missions and their family members.
Practical implications:
Based on lessons learned this paper complements the results of different surveys of the researched topic. The results cannot be completely generalized, although some findings could also be useful to similar police organizations in Europe.
Originality/Value:
This paper addresses and explores different small scale surveys, conducted on sampled Slovenian police officers who served in peacekeeping missions and their family members. Findings could be of interest for the general as well as expert audience.
Ključne besede: police, police officer’s family, peacekeeping missions, Slovenia, stress, training and reintegration programmes, SE Europe
Objavljeno v DKUM: 05.05.2020; Ogledov: 1215; Prenosov: 61
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