1. Yield and silage quality of winter legume cover crop mixtures without nitrogen fertilization in springMarko Zupanič, Tomaž Žnidaršič, Miran Podvršnik, Vilma Sem, Boštjan Kristan, Ludvik Rihter, Branko Kramberger, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: A field experiment was conducted in two seasons (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) at three locations in Slovenia (Rogoza, Fala, and Brežice) to evaluate the yield and silage quality of winter cover crops (WCCs). The experiment included Italian ryegrass (IR) in pure stands, fertilized with nitrogen in spring, and mixtures of crimson clover (CRC), red clover (RC), and IR+CRC+RC without nitrogen fertilization in spring. The highest dry matter yield (DMY) was observed in IR+CRC+RC (4.98 t ha−1). For fresh feed, the CRC+RC treatment had significantly higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (208 g kg−1 DM), nitrate nitrogen (116.7 mg kg−1 DM), and buffering capacity (1290 mmol kg−1 DM) but significantly lower (p < 0.05) dry matter (128 g kg−1) and water-soluble carbohydrates (121 g kg−1 DM). For silage, the CRC+RC treatment had significantly lower (p < 0.05) dry matter (476 g kg−1 silage), metabolic energy (9.65 MJ kg−1 DM), net energy of lactation (5.77 MJ kg−1 DM), and neutral detergent fiber (375 g kg−1 DM) but higher ammonia nitrogen (66.5 g kg−1 of total nitrogen), crude protein (158 g kg−1 DM), and acid detergent fiber (279 g kg−1 DM). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among treatments for acetic, lactic, and butyric acid, crude fat, pH, and soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin). The results of the study show that the same or higher DMY and a comparable quality of highly wilted silage can be produced with mixed Italian ryegrass and clovers compared with those of Italian ryegrass in pure stands. The experiment aimed to determine whether clover-based mixtures can achieve comparable silage quality and dry matter yield without spring N fertilizers compared with those of pure stands of Italian ryegrass fertilized in spring.
Ključne besede: clover, grass, management practices, mixtures, pure stand, silage quality
Objavljeno v DKUM: 22.07.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 4
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2. Dynamics of cyanogenic glycosides in apple and plum fruits, products, and byproducts : a concise reviewJanja Kristl, Lucija Praprotnik, Vilma Sem, 2024, pregledni znanstveni članek Opis: Apples (Malus domestica) and plums (Prunus domestica) are important fruit crops belonging to the Rosaceae family. The edible parts of fruits and seeds contain phytochemicals; however, the seeds are rich in cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs), which release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon the loss of plant cell integrity. This review aims to explore the quantitative and qualitative CNG profiles in apples and plums, focusing on their distribution in different parts of the fruit, changes during fruit development, and environmental impacts on their biosynthesis. It also discusses the intricate dynamics of CNGs in processed fruits and waste-derived products and the effects of the processing methods on CNG content. There is considerable variation in the CNG content of fruit crops, as well as in its distribution in fruit parts other than seeds and shifts during fruit maturation. Although several studies have attempted to explain this variability by the influence of cultivars and exogenous factors, there is insufficient evidence to draw reliable conclusions. Furthermore, due to the lack of studies, the dynamics of CNGs during the storage of fresh or preserved fruit remains unaddressed. In the context of reusing plum stones from waste to produce distillates, it is recommended to monitor the HCN content in the products during storage, as it can increase significantly over time. Processing methods influence CNG levels, with strategies like seed separation, soaking, and microwave heating showing promise in reducing cyanide (CN−) presence. The insights from this review will provide direction for future detailed research.
Ključne besede: apple, byproducts, cyanogenic glycosides, HCN, plum
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.04.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 6
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4. The distribution of minerals in crucial plant parts of various elderberry (Sambucus spp.) interspecific hybridsNataša Imenšek, Vilma Sem, Mitja Kolar, Anton Ivančič, Janja Kristl, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In view of growing requirements of the food industry regarding elderberries (genusSambucus), a need to increase their productivity and improve their chemical composition has emerged.With this purpose in mind, numerous elderberry interspecific hybrids have been created. In thepresent work, the content of minerals in their crucial plant parts was studied. It was also investigatedwhether superior genotypes regarding the mineral composition of berries and inflorescences could bepredicted at early stages of plant development. The results showed that elderberry leaves containedthe highest amounts of Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Sr, while K and P were predominant in fruit stalks.Fe and Al prevailed in roots and Cu in bark. Although berries showed lower mineral contentcompared to other plant parts, their mineral content is not negligible and could be comparable toother commonly consumed berries. Genotypes with a favorable mineral content of inflorescencesand berries could be predicted on the basis of known mineral composition of their shoots and leaves.The study also indicates thatS. nigragenotypes and the majority of interspecific hybrids analyzedare suitable for further genetic breeding or cultivation.
Ključne besede: interspecific hybrids, minerals, plant parts, elderberry, Sambucus
Objavljeno v DKUM: 20.08.2024; Ogledov: 70; Prenosov: 13
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7. Exposure to Cattle Slurry of Different Concentrations Influence Germination and Initial Growth of Selected Grass and Legume SpeciesAnastazija Gselman, Vilma Sem, Silva Grobelnik Mlakar, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In addition to improving soil quality, the fertilisation of grassland with cattle slurry is often associated with seed dispersal. Most studies focus on the effects of cattle slurry on the germination and early development of weed species, but less is known about how slurry affects the germination process of grasses and forage legumes. The aim of Experiment I of our study was therefore to investigate the influence of soaking time in cattle slurry of different concentrations on Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens. Seeds were soaked in undiluted (100%) and diluted cattle slurries (50% and 25%) for 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days. Experiment II was conducted to study the initial growth of studied plants from seeds soaked in cattle slurry of different concentrations for 14 days. After the germination test, which was carried out under controlled conditions, the germination index (GI) was calculated. The results (Experiment I) show that a short soaking in cattle slurry (14 days) has no negative effect on the germination process for all species. However, a longer soaking resulted in significantly reduced and delayed germination, especially in undiluted slurry for grasses and diluted slurries for clovers. The slurry concentration (Experiment II) only influenced the root growth of L. multiflorum. Seedlings grown from seeds soaked in undiluted slurry had a 17% higher relative root length than the control and developed significantly longer root systems than the other two slurry concentrations.
Ključne besede: cattle slurry, soaking time, seed germination, initial plant growth, Lollium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens
Objavljeno v DKUM: 08.12.2023; Ogledov: 477; Prenosov: 39
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8. Vpliv osončenosti na vsebnost sladkorjev in kislin v smrekovih vršičkih : magistrsko deloKristina Sodin, 2023, magistrsko delo Opis: Vršički navadne smreke so bogat vir vitamina C, vsebujejo mineralne snovi, polifenole in terpene. Njihova vsebnost je odvisna od razpoložljivosti hranil v tleh, starosti iglic in dreves, položaja iglic znotraj krošnje in letnega časa. Namen magistrske naloge je bil preučiti vpliv osončenosti na koncentracijo organskih kislin in sladkorjev v vršičkih navadne smreke in sirupu iz smrekovih vršičkov. Vršičke smo nabrali na Sv. Treh Kraljih na Pohorju. Vsebnost organskih kislin in sladkorjev smo določili s tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) v povezavi z PDA in RI detektorjem. V smrekovih vršičkih je prevladovala kininska kislina s povprečno vsebnostjo 196 mg/g suhe snovi (SS). Po vsebnosti so ji sledile šikimska, citronska in jabolčna kislina. Med sladkorji je prevladovala saharoza, glukoze je bilo manj, fruktoza je bila pod mejo določljivosti. Osončenost na vsebnost organskih kislin in sladkorjev v vršičkih ni imela značilnega vpliva. Med vsebnostjo kislin oziroma sladkorjev v smrekovih vršičkih in v sirupu ni bilo statistično značilne korelacije.
Ključne besede: navadna smreka (Picea abies (L.) Karst), kisline, sladkorji, vršički, sirup, osončenost
Objavljeno v DKUM: 07.03.2023; Ogledov: 607; Prenosov: 72
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9. Vpliv državnega sofinanciranja zavarovalne premije na obseg zajetja kmetijskih zavarovanj v letih 2009 - 2019 : diplomsko deloMarša Schlauer, 2022, diplomsko delo Opis: Strošek zavarovanja na kmetijskem gospodarstvu ni zanemarljiv, zato kmetovalcem deloma pomaga država v obliki državnega sofinanciranja kmetijskih zavarovalnih premij. Uredba Vlade RS o sofinanciranju zavarovalnih premij je bila sprejeta leta 2006, njen primarni smoter pa je spodbujanje kmetovalcev k zavarovanju. Osnovni namen diplomskega dela je na osnovi pridobljenih podatkov preveriti tezo, da je vpliv državnega sofinanciranja kmetijskih zavarovalnih premij pomemben in da višina sofinanciranja v posameznem letu neposredno vpliva na odločitve kmetovalcev ob sklepanju kmetijskih zavarovanj. V procesu statistične obravnave se je preverila korelacija med višino sofinanciranja in številom sklenjenih zavarovalnih polic, zavarovanimi površinami v hektarjih ter deležem zavarovanih površin v posameznih kmetijskih panogah med letoma 2009 in 2019. Analiza je bila izvedena na statistično združljivih kmetijskih panogah, in sicer sadjarstvu, vinogradništvu in poljedelstvu. Iz rezultatov je razvidna korelacija oziroma statistično značilna povezanost med obravnavanimi statističnimi spremenljivkami. Ključna ugotovitev sovpada oziroma vsaj delno sovpada z omenjenimi predvidevanji.
Ključne besede: kmetijska zavarovanja, višina sofinanciranja, sofinanciranje zavarovalnih premij, zavarovalna premija
Objavljeno v DKUM: 01.06.2022; Ogledov: 26569; Prenosov: 56
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10. Primerjava analiznih metod za določanje cianida v rastlinskih vzorcihMaša Špes, 2021, magistrsko delo Opis: Namen magistrske naloge je bil določiti vsebnosti skupnega cianida in podati minimalno količino živila, ki predstavlja tveganje za zastrupitev s cianidom. Za določanje koncentracije skupnega cianida smo kot referenčno metodo uporabili destilacijo, ki smo jo nato primerjali s kislinsko hidrolizo. Rezultate smo primerjali z linearno regresijo in napako ocenili kot koren povprečnega kvadratnega odklona (RMSE). Ne glede na uporabljeno metodo smo določili najnižjo vsebnost cianida v fižolu 0,05 mg/kg, najvišjo pa v olupku pasijonke 885 mg/kg. Izmed analiziranih koščic je z najvišjo vrednostjo izstopala divja češnja GB (201 mg/kg), najnižjo smo izmerili v avokadu (2,49 mg/kg). Ugotovili smo, da je pri določanju koncentracije HCN lahko veliko vzrokov variabilnosti, od načina priprave vzorca do uporabljenega postopka, predvsem učinkovitost razgradnje cianogenih glikozidov. Rezultati, dobljeni po metodi destilacije, so odstopali od rezultatov, dobljenih po metodi kislinske hidrolize. V vzorcih so bile prisotne moteče spojine, ki so vplivale na končni rezultat.
Ključne besede: cianogeni glikozidi, cianid, toksin, analizne metode
Objavljeno v DKUM: 31.08.2021; Ogledov: 1317; Prenosov: 128
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