1. Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments : case study from the Slovenian classical karst regionLara Valentić, Peter Kozel, Tanja Pipan, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Since the start of mass production of plastic materials more than a century ago, the problem of accumulating plastic waste in the environment has reached epic proportions. Recently, the problem of smaller plastic particles (microplastic, MP) in the environment has become a widely studied topic, but the amount and types of MP in karst environments are still poorly known. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect and analyse samples from various karst habitats and to try and determine the scope of pollution in karst springs that are in part used as sources for drinking water. Of the potential pollution sources, we sampled rainwater, two discharges from wastewater treatment plants, and a leachate from a landfill. We conducted polymer analyses of potential MP particles using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that eight samples from the Postojna region (Postojna–Planina Cave System, rainfall sample and surface streams) contain up to 444 MP particles per m3. However, 32 samples taken from the Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah Cave System contain up to 60,000 MP particles per m3, with the bulk of particles found in the sediment samples from Škocjan Caves – Kačna Cave System. Samples from Postojna region contained mostly PET, PU and PA polymers, with a minor inclusion of polymers of plastic sponge used for cleaning. Samples from Škocjan region contained mostly PP, PET and PE polymers, with some of PA and PU polymers. Sediment samples contained much less MP particles compared to water samples, which indicates fast transport through karst aquifer.
Ključne besede: caves, fibres, microplastic contamination, karst (geology), groundwater, pollution, plastics, aquifers, Postojna (Slovenia), Škocjan (Slovenia)
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.07.2024; Ogledov: 122; Prenosov: 21
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2. Mitigating the conflict between pitfall-trap sampling and conservation of terrestrial subterranean communities in cavesPeter Kozel, Tanja Pipan, Nina Šajna, Slavko Polak, Tone Novak, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Subterranean habitats are known for their rich endemic fauna and high vulnerability to disturbance. Many methods and techniques are used to sample the biodiversity of terrestrial invertebrate fauna in caves, among which pitfall trapping remains one of the most frequently used and effective ones. However, this method has turned out to be harmful to subterranean communities if applied inappropriately. Traditionally, pitfall traps have been placed in caves solely on the ground. Here we present an optimized technique of pitfall trapping to achieve a balance between sampling completeness and minimal disturbance of the fauna in the cave. Monthly we placed traps for two days in two parallel sets, a ground trap and an upper one−just below the ceiling−along the cave. In the upper set, about 10% additional species were recorded compared to the ground set. Greater species diversity in the cave was the consequence of both the increased sampling effort and the amplified heterogeneity of sampled microhabitats. In caves sampled by traditional pitfall trapping, overlooked species may be a consequence of methodological biases, leading to lower biodiversity estimates. In our research, incidence-based estimations mostly surpassed abundance-based ones and predicted 95% coverage of the species richness within about two years of sampling. The sampling used contributes at the same time to both the more effective and less invasive inventory of the subterranean fauna. Thus, it may serve as an optional sampling to achieve optimal balance between required data for biodiversity and ecological studies, and nature conservation goals.
Ključne besede: biodiversity estimators, microhabitats, sampling effort, sampling techniques, biological inventories
Objavljeno v DKUM: 30.10.2017; Ogledov: 1362; Prenosov: 428
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3. Preferenca dvozobih črnink Nemastoma bidentatum ssp. (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae), do različno komprimiranih substratovPeter Kozel, 2013, magistrsko delo Opis: V raziskavi smo obravnavali razporeditev osebkov podvrste dvozobe črninke Nemastoma bidentatum ssp. (Nemastomatidae, Opiliones), ki živi v južni in jugovzhodni Sloveniji, v talnem substratu. V prvi skupini poskusov smo ugotavljali razporeditev osebkov v homogenem nekomprimiranem substratu, v drugi skupini pa njihovo preferenco do nekomprimiranega (0,0 kg/cm2), rahlo komprimiranega (0,1 kg/cm2) in močno komprimiranega substrata (1,0 kg/cm2). Na podlagi izsledkov smo želeli preveriti možnost za uporabo črnink kot bioindikatorjev za ocenjevanje kakovosti gozdnih in grmiščnih tal. Poskuse smo izvedli v laboratoriju in v naravi na lokacijah, kjer smo nabrali črninke. Uporabili smo mrežne kletke v poskusni areni, ki so na eni strani omogočile nadzorovano pripravo poskusnega substrata in na drugi strani nadzorovano razstavljanje substrata v poskusni areni. Pri vrednotenju pridobljenih podatkov smo kombinirali metode iz teorije grafov in statistične analitske metode. Za ugotavljanje tipa razporeditve črnink v homogenem substratu smo uporabili prirejen model po teoriji grafov in prostorsko avtokorelacijsko analizo. Glede razporeditve v substratu med samci in samicami ni bilo značilnih razlik, prav tako jih ni bilo v prostorski razporeditvi osebkov glede na kraj opravljanja poskusa – v laboratoriju ali v naravi. Črninke so se v nekomprimiranem homogeniziranem substratu agregirale v skupine. Preferirale so nekomprimiran substrat, malo jih je bilo v rahlo komprimiranem in nobene v močno komprimiranem substratu. Na osnovi poskusov lahko zaključimo, da je rahlost substrata nujni, a ne zadostni pogoj za prisotnost črnink. V raziskavi smo potrdili možnost uporabe te podvrste črnink kot bioindikatorja za in situ določanje kakovosti talnih substratov glede na njihovo čvrstost in sestavo.
Ključne besede: bioindikatorji, čvrstost (komprimiranost) tal, ekologija tal, Nemastoma bidentatum, talni substrat
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.09.2013; Ogledov: 3046; Prenosov: 380
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