1. A historical and contemporary perspective: thermal comfort in prefabricated timber housesMaja Lešnik Nedelko, Miroslav Premrov, Teja Bohl, Jan Čokolič, Eva Gradišnik, Žiga Tomaž Krajnc, Ivana Manasova, Marko Pavlović, Erika Kozem Šilih, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Timber construction is gaining popularity worldwide due to its advantages over traditional masonry systems, including energy-efficiency, sustainability, and fast prefabrication. The technology of prefabricated timber buildings has evolved significantly, affecting the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of such buildings, which are generally perceived as offering high living comfort. While contemporary design practices aim to ensure high performance in new buildings, existing timber structures often fail to meet modern standards. In addition to common issues such as ageing, poor energy-efficiency, and functional inadequacies, problems like seismic vulnerability, fire risk, and the so-called “sick building syndrome” are increasingly relevant. As part of the project Indoor Environmental Quality in Prefabricated Timber Houses: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective, funded through the Public Call Problem-Based Learning for Students in a Work Environment 2024–2027, we investigated IEQ in two houses built by the Slovenian manufacturer Marles hiše Maribor d.o.o. The project was carried out in close collaboration with the company. Using long-term measurements, we assessed and compared thermal comfort and other parameters in an older and a newer prefabricated timber house. The findings offer guidance for both the renovation of existing buildings and the design of new ones, emphasising the importance of aligning energy performance with indoor comfort.
Ključne besede: prefabricated timber houses, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), thermal comfort, existing buildings, sick building syndrome
Objavljeno v DKUM: 27.11.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 6
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2. Statična in dinamična analiza osem etažne stavbe iz križno lepljenega lesaDavid Virag, 2025, magistrsko delo Opis: Magistrsko delo obravnava statično in dinamično analizo osemetažne stavbe iz križno lepljenega lesa, umeščene v seizmično zahtevno območje Ljubljane. Namen magistrskega dela je bil preveriti ustreznost CLT kot glavnega konstrukcijskega materiala za večnadstropne objekte. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljene mehanske lastnosti, požarna odpornost ter prednosti CLT-ja pri trajnostni gradnji, v računskem delu pa smo se osredotočili na obravnavano stavbo. Na osnovi tridimenzionalnega analitičnega modela so bile izvedene statične in dinamične analize, pri katerih so bili upoštevani vplivi lastne teže, stalnih in spremenljivih obtežb, snega, vetra in potresa. Rezultati so pokazali, da stavba izpolnjuje kriterije nosilnosti in stabilnosti, čeprav se pri potresni obtežbi izkoriščenost elementov močno poveča, kar zahteva natančno dimenzioniranje v skladu z Evrokodi. Magistrsko delo potrjuje, da je CLT primeren za gradnjo večnadstropnih stavb tudi v potresno ogroženih območjih, saj zagotavlja varnost in hkrati prispeva k trajnostni gradnji.
Ključne besede: gradbeništvo, križno lepljen les, statična analiza, dinamična analiza, večnadstropna stavba
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.10.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 20
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3. Enhancing racking stiffness in tall timber buildings using double-skin façades : a numerical investigationErika Kozem Šilih, Miroslav Premrov, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The main goal of the paper is to present possible benefits in application of previously developed innovative in-plane load-bearing timber double-skin façade elements (DSF) as additional bracing elements in tall timber buildings. Therefore, a six-storey prefabricated timber structure of a height of 15 m and with a regular floor-plan is analysed by a seismic excitation of ag = 0.225 · g with a strong asymmetrical position of transparent façade elements. Two structural solutions are analysed: a hybrid system combining CLT and Light Timber-Framed walls and a non-hybrid structure made entirely of CLT. In both cases, DSF elements are first considered non-resisting and later as racking-resisting bracing elements. Numerical results show that using racking-resisting DSF elements in a hybrid system (CLT+LTF) achieves a similar increase in overall racking stiffness as a non-hybrid CLT structure with non-resisting DSF. Previous studies highlight hybrid timber systems as the preferred approach due to structural, energy-efficient, and ecological advantages. This finding is significant, offering practical benefits and new design opportunities for modern tall timber buildings with asymmetrical transparent façades, improving both energy efficiency and interior illumination in contemporary prefabricated structures.
Ključne besede: timber, glass, double-skin façades, racking resistance, mathematical modelling, tall timber buildings, seismic design
Objavljeno v DKUM: 18.08.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 3
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4. UPORABA ANALIZE OBČUTLJIVOSTI ZA NAMEN RAZVOJA SMERNIC ZA NAČRTOVANJE ENERGIJSKO UČINKOVITIH VEČETAŽNIH LESENIH STAVB Z USTREZNIM TOPLOTNIM UGODJEM, POSTAVLJENIH V RAZLIČNIH KLIMATSKIH CONAH : doktorska disertacijaDamjan Maučec, 2025, doktorska disertacija Opis: Doktorska disertacija obravnava razvoj smernic za načrtovanje sodobnih energijsko učinkovitih večetažnih montažnih lesenih stavb, z zagotavljanjem ustrezne ravni toplotnega ugodja v različnih makroklimatskih pogojih, konstrukcijskih sistemih ter etažnosti. Disertacija se osredotoča na uporabo analize občutljivosti, izvedene z metodo Morris, ki omogoča identifikacijo ključnih parametrov, ki bistveno vplivajo na izboljšanje energijske učinkovitosti in toplotnega ugodja. Razvit pristop, s kombinacijo analize občutljivosti in večkriterijskega odločanja, omogoča sistematičen pristop za optimalno načrtovanje. Rezultati so podani v obliki tabel, diagramov in poenostavljenih shem, kar omogoča enostavno uporabo v zgodnjem načrtovanju energijske učinkovitosti večetažnih lesenih stavb s sprejemljivim toplotnim ugodjem.
Raziskava obravnava širok spekter vhodnih parametrov, kot so zasnova in termalni ovoj stavbe, prezračevanje, infiltracija, aktivni sistemi ogrevanja, prezračevanja in hlajenja ter obnašanje uporabnikov. Vključuje tudi celovito analizo treh različnih konstrukcijskih sistemov lesenih stavb (okvirno panelni, masivni, mešani). Pri tem se upoštevajo statične nosilnosti do največje omejitve v višini oz. etažnosti, postavljene v različnih klimatskih regijah ne območju Evrope (Ljubljana, Atene, Helsinki). Analizirane so tudi tri različne kategorije toplotnega ugodja, kar omogoča prilagoditev zasnove stanovanjskih večetažnih lesenih stavb.
Glavni cilj doktorske disertacije je razvoj metodološkega pristopa za določitev najboljšega načina zgodnjega načrtovanja energijsko učinkovitih večetažnih lesenih stavb, ugotovitev jakosti učinkov izbranih vhodnih parametrov z uporabo analize občutljivosti (metode Morris) na izhodne parametre za zagotavljanje energijske učinkovitosti ter hkrati sprejemljivega toplotnega ugodja.
Raziskava je razdeljena na štiri glavne dele, ki celostno obravnavajo tematiko. Prvi del vključuje analizo obstoječe literature s poudarkom na večetažnih lesenih stavbah v različnih konstrukcijskih sistemih in podnebnih klasifikacijah. Na podlagi analize so bili definirani ključni parametri energijske učinkovitosti in toplotnega ugodja osnovnega energijskega modela stavbe. Drugi del raziskave se osredotoča na izvedbo parametričnih dinamičnih simulacij osnovnega energijskega modela stavbe. Simulacije omogočajo poglobljeno razumevanje energijskih zahtev in toplotnega ugodja večetažnih lesenih stavb, pri čemer so upoštevani različni konstrukcijski sistemi, etažnosti ter kategorije toplotnega ugodja. Tretji del predstavlja razvoj metodologije za identifikacijo ključnih vhodnih parametrov z uporabo analize občutljivosti na podlagi metode Morris. V četrtem delu je predstavljen večkriterijski pristop načrtovanja, ki celovito združuje energijsko učinkovitost in toplotno ugodje, s čimer prispeva k optimalnemu načrtovanju večetažnih lesenih stavb. Zaključni del raziskave pa ponuja generalizacijo rezultatov v obliki smernic.
Rezultati doktorske disertacije bodo v obliki praktičnih smernic raziskovalcem, projektantom in načrtovalcem v zgodnji fazi načrtovanja v pomoč pri hitri, enostavni in učinkoviti zasnovi energijsko učinkovitih večetažnih lesenih stanovanjskih stavb ob zagotavljanju visoke ravni toplotnega ugodja, ki ustrezajo sodobnim standardom trajnosti, estetske vrednosti in bivalnega ugodja.
Ključne besede: analiza občutljivosti, energijska učinkovitost, toplotno ugodje, večetažne lesene stavbe, večkriterijsko odločanje
Objavljeno v DKUM: 14.07.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 23
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5. Numerical study on in-plane behaviour of light timber-framed wall elements under a horizontal load impactMiroslav Premrov, Erika Kozem Šilih, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This study analyses the many different parameters of the in-plane flexibility problem regarding the lateral behaviour of light timber-framed (LTF) wall elements with different types of sheathing material (FPB, OSB, or even reinforced concrete), as well as the thickness of the timber frame elements (internal or external wall elements). The analysis simultaneously considers bending, shear, and timber-to-framing connection flexibility, while assuming stiff-supported wall elements as prescribed by Eurocode 5. Particular emphasis is placed on the sliding deformation between sheathing boards and the timber frame, which can significantly reduce the overall stiffness of LTF wall elements. The influence of fastener spacing (s) on sliding deformation and overall stiffness is comprehensively analysed, as well as the different bending and shear behaviours of the various sheathing materials. The results show that reducing the fastener spacing can significantly improve the stiffness of OSB wall elements, while it is less critical for FPB elements used in mid-rise timber buildings. A comparison of external and internal wall elements revealed a minimal difference in racking stiffness (3.3%) for OSB and FPB specimens, highlighting their comparable performance. The inclusion of RC sheathing on one side of the LTF elements showed significant potential to improve torsional behaviour and in-plane racking stiffness, making it a viable solution for strengthening prefabricated multi-storey timber buildings. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design of LTF walls, ensuring improved structural performance and extended application possibilities in modern timber construction.
Ključne besede: timber, structures, light timber-framed element, modelling, numerical analysis
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 11
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6. Seismic resistance of existing buildings with added light timber structure storeysJurij Jančar, Trajče Zafirov, Miroslav Premrov, Bruno Dujič, Viktor Hristovski, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In the presented paper, the problem of vertical expansions is treated in terms of seismic resistance of structures with added storeys. A large parametric study has been performed, confirming the impact of different number of added storeys, and the change of their stiffness, on the seismic response of structures. The paper shows examples of how stiffness in light timber frame and cross laminated timber structures can be easily altered just by changing the type and distribution of fasteners. Known procedures are used to calculate the stiffness of the wall elements of a light timber frame system, and a new procedure is developed for determining the stiffness of cross laminated timber wall elements. The study shows how changing the stiffness of the vertical expansion can have a significant impact on the seismic response and that, in some cases, vertical expansion can have a favourable effect on seismic resistance, despite a minor increase in the mass of the structure.
Ključne besede: added storeys, seismic resistance, light timber structure
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 8
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7. Influence of the bonding boundary conditions of timber-glass I-beams on load-bearing capacity and stiffnessMateja Držečnik, Andrej Štrukelj, Miroslav Premrov, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Structural glass plays an important role in modern architecture, interior design, and
building design. It has earned this title primarily because of its properties, such as transparency
and its importance in lighting a space. Glass is a challenging building material because of its
unpredictability and fragile behaviour. Its fragility, and the way it disintegrates, are the main reasons
for using glass in collaboration with timber. The aim of this study is to provide researchers with
a more detailed analysis of the influence of the cross-section of I-beams made of timber and glass
on the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of each element, based on the research carried out as a
basis for such a study. Special attention is focused on analysing the influence of different bonding
line types. Composite materials are usually made of a combination of several materials. The goal in
making composites is to create a synergy between these materials and combine the good properties
of each part of the component.
Ključne besede: timber-glass I-beams, timber, glass, adhesive
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 12
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8. Numerical study of racking resistance of timber-made double-skin façade elementsErika Kozem Šilih, Miroslav Premrov, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The use of a double-skin façade (DSF) is a quite new approach in the building renovation process, complementing conventional renovation strategies. A double-skin façade is an envelope wall construction that consists of two transparent surfaces separated by a cavity and can essentially improve the thermal and acoustic resistance of the building envelope. The main double-skin wall components are usually composed of a hardened external single glazing pane and a double or triple thermal insulating internal glass pane, which are connected to the frame structure. Recently, many studies have analysed the thermal and acoustic performance of DSF elements, but almost none in terms of structural behaviour, especially in terms of determining the racking resistance of such wall elements. Moreover, with a view to reduce the global warming potential, an eco-friendly timber frame instead of a commonly used steel, aluminium or plastic frame is studied in this analysis. However, structurally combining timber and glass to develop an appropriate load-bearing structural element is a very complex process involving a combination of two materials with different material properties, where the type of bonding can be selected as a crucial parameter affecting the racking resistance range. Since the costs of experiments performed on such full-scale DSF elements are very high and such experiments are time-consuming, it is crucial to develop special mathematical models for analysing the influence of the most important parameters. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to develop the finite element mathematical model of the studied DSF structural elements with a highly ecological solution by using a timber frame. In the second step, the developed model is further implemented in the numerical analysis of racking stiffness and followed by a comprehensive parametric numerical study on different parameters influencing the horizontal load-bearing capacity of such DSF timber elements. The obtained results indicate that the new approach of the developed load-bearing prefabricated timber DSF elements can essentially improve racking resistance and stiffness compared with the widely studied timber-glass single-skin wall elements and can thus be fully recommended especially in the structural renovation process of old buildings.
Ključne besede: timber, glass, double-skin façades, racking resistance, mathematical modelling, numerical analysis, Finite Elements Methods (FEM)
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 7
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9. Development of Methodology for Estimation of Energy-Efficient Building Renovation Using Application of MINLP-Optimized Timber–Glass Upgrade ModulesMaja Lešnik Nedelko, Stojan Kravanja, Miroslav Premrov, Vesna Žegarac Leskovar, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Vertical addition to already-existing structures is an approach to energy-efficient building renovation. It presents an opportunity for the densification of built-up areas and the construction of new usable spaces. While many studies have dealt with the subject of renovating buildings with a focus on energy efficiency, far fewer studies have specifically examined the potential of vertically extending existing buildings, an approach which could be introduced in new sustainable building policies. The objective of this study is to redevelop optimal timber–glass upgrade modules, considering the ideal proportions of glazing for all cardinal directions, by using discrete Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming optimization. The novelty of the suggested method resides in the synchronous optimization of the upgrade modules’ daylighting and energy-efficiency performance, resulting in the creation of optimization methods that can determine the optimal glazing proportions for all cardinal directions and incorporate rational design and window measurement. The impact of the developed Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming-optimized upgrade modules is compared to previously designed optimized upgrade modules. Finally, a methodology for estimating the energy efficiency of building renovations incorporating vertical additions using the timber–glass upgrade modules was developed, supporting the quick assessment of the reduction in hybrid buildings’ energy consumption for heating and cooling according to boundary conditions, presuming that they undergo the suggested renovations. The findings are applicable (not exclusively) to Slovenia’s residential building stock, which makes up around 20% of the country’s current housing stock and was mainly constructed between 1946 and 1970. This offers a substantial opportunity to improve the overall sustainability and energy efficiency of the country’s housing stock. The proposed approach offers a holistic solution to drive sustainable development in the built environment by incorporating all three pillars of sustainability (environmental, social, and economic).
Ključne besede: energy efficient building renovation, energy efficiency, building vertical addition, timber–glass upgrade modules, mixed-integer non-linear programming, MINLP, optimization, visual comfort, energy sustainability
Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.01.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 6
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10. Assessment of in-plane timber floor stiffness as structural diaphragms: a numerical approach to lateral load responseJelena Vilotijević, Miroslav Premrov, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The behaviour of horizontal floor diaphragms plays a crucial role in ensuring the overall response of a building during earthquakes, as the stiffness of these diaphragms determines whether the structure will act as an integrated system. If the diaphragms do not exhibit sufficient stiffness, differences in the redistribution of forces on wall elements arise, increasing the risk of significant deformations and even local damage, which is commonly observed in earthquake-affected areas. Additionally, flexible diaphragms heighten the risk of torsional effects. Due to these factors, more attention should be given to the response of buildings with flexible diaphragms. Eurocode standard specifies general requirements under which diaphragms should be considered rigid within their plane, depending on the maximum diaphragm moment. However, specific guidelines regarding the geometric and material properties of elements that significantly impact seismic behaviour are not included in the existing European standards. This served as a basis for conducting a numerical study analysing the in-plane behaviour of floor elements made from different materials. This study, limited to a simple box-shaped structure with masonry walls, symmetrical in both orthogonal directions, evaluated and thoroughly analysed the deformations for different types of diaphragms, including prefabricated wooden frame-panel floors, CLT panels, and reinforced concrete slabs. Special emphasis was placed on wooden structural elements due to the increased demand for timber construction, as the behaviour of these elements needs to be properly studied, especially in seismic regions. The study results were obtained through FEM analysis using the SCIA Engineer software, version 22. The modelling of elements was carried out considering the orthotropy of brick wall and wooden ceiling elements, as well as simulating the appropriate shear stiffness of the connecting means.
Ključne besede: horizontal diaphragms, floor flexibility, lateral load resisting system, timber frame-panel floor, cross-laminated timber, concrete slab, seismic design
Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.01.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 21
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