1. First records of seed beetles Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fåhræus, 1839) and M. tonkineus (Pic, 1904) from three Balkan countriesMirjana Šipek, Eva Horvat, Nina Šajna, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Asian seed beetles of the genus Megabruchidius have been recorded recently in many European countries. Our contribution serves to formally report the first records of M. dorsalis in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania and the first record of M. tonkineus in Montenegro, all found in 2021. Both species develop inside the hard seeds of the ornamental tree Gleditsia triacanthos. Mature G. triacanthos pods were collected from the ground in urban parks of Nikšić and Podgorica (Montenegro) and Tirana (Albania) in July 2021, and Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in August 2021. Fully developed beetles were recorded after two weeks. Megabruchidius dorsalis emerged from the pods collected in all locations, while M. tonkineus was reared only from the pods collected in Podgorica. Because in Podgorica both species were found in the same pods, this also represents confirmation that in some locations these species do co-exist. Overall, M. dorsalis was more widespread and abundant.
Ključne besede: alien species, invasive species, range expansion, Gleditsia triacanthos, Europe
Objavljeno v DKUM: 25.09.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 5
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2. Transpiracija in alelopatski potencial sončnih in senčnih rastlin indijskega jagodnjaka (Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf) : magistrsko deloAnamari Draškovič, 2024, magistrsko delo Opis: V sklopu magistrske naloge smo preučevali razlike v prevodnosti listnih rež in alelopatski potencial indijskega jagodnjaka (Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf) med sončnimi in senčnimi rastlinami. Na izbranem rastišču indijskega jagodnjaka smo skozi daljše časovno obdobje s porometrom spremljali prevodnost listnih rež. Za testiranje alelopatskega potenciala indijskega jagodnjaka smo izbrali test kalitve s semeni vrtne kreše (Lepidium sativum L.). Slednje smo za 4 dni izpostavili različnim koncentracijam vodnih izvlečkov sončnih in senčnih listov (0,1 %, 1 %, 5 %, 10 %). Na podlagi deleža vzkaljenih semen in rasti radikule in hipokotila smo ugotovili, da vodni izvlečki listov indijskega jagodnjaka močno vplivajo na kalitev semen, medtem ko na rast vrtne kreše nimajo takšnega vpliva. Z naraščanjem koncentracije vodnih izvlečkov listov indijskega jagodnjaka se je delež vzkaljenih semen zmanjševal. Razlike v alelopatskem potencialu sončnih in senčnih rastlin niso bile tako očitne kot smo pričakovali. Smo pa opazili sezonsko nihanje alelopatskega potenciala. Ugotovili smo, da je ta bil najnižji v času, ko so bili prisotni plodovi. Razlike med sončnimi in senčnimi rastlinami pa so bile bolj opazne pri merjenju prevodnosti listnih rež. Ta je bila skozi celotno raziskavo višja pri sončnih rastlinah. Ugotovili smo tudi, da prevodnost listnih rež pada z naraščajočo temperaturo in svetlobnim sevanjem ter narašča s povečevanjem vlage tal.
Ključne besede: indijski jagodnjak, prevodnost listnih rež, alelopatija, tujerodne invazivne vrste, porometrija
Objavljeno v DKUM: 05.09.2024; Ogledov: 41; Prenosov: 8
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3. Presence of alien Prunus serotina and Impatiens parviflora in lowland forest fragments in NE SloveniaMirjana Šipek, Eva Horvat, Ivana Vitasović Kosić, Nina Šajna, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Temperate alluvial, riparian and lowland forests are the European forests with the greatest presence of invasive alien plants. Consequently, identifying the environmental conditions for and other drivers behind the establishment of invasive species in natural forest communities is crucial for understanding the invasibility of these habitats. We focused on fragments (patches) of Illyrian oak-hornbeam forest in NE Slovenia, which are the least studied in this regard. Because alien phanerophytes and therophytes are significantly over-represented compared to native plantsin lowland forests, we selected two representative invasives: the phanerophyte Prunus serotina and the therophyte Impatiens parviflora. By using logistic regression models on vegetation surveys, environmental data based on Ellenberg´s indicator values, and patch metrics, we identified patch characteristics explaining the presence of each species. Moreover, we included human impact in the models. We reveal significant characteristics differentiating P. serotina from I. parviflora. We also show that the perimeterarea ratio and soil nutrients of the forest patches correlate significantly with the presence of P. serotina, while human disturbance correlates significantly with the presence of I. parviflora. Our results and a similar approach for other invasive plant species can be applied to assess habitat invasibility on potential and species’ current geographic distribution, as well as to develop management plans.
Ključne besede: biological invasions, forest fragmentation, landscape metrics, habitat characteristics, human presence, anthropogenic factors, neophytes, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.07.2024; Ogledov: 136; Prenosov: 11
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4. The importance of thermally abnormal waters for bioinvasions - a case study of Pistia stratiotesNina Šajna, Tina Urek, Primož Kušar, Mirjana Šipek, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Thermally abnormal waters represent safe sites for alien invasive plants requiring warmer conditions than provided by the ambient temperatures in the temperate zone. Therefore, such safe sites are frequently inhabited by tropical and sub-tropical plants. By performing a literature review we assessed that at least 55 alien aquatic plant taxa from 21 families were found in thermally abnormal waters in Europe. The majority of these taxa are submerged or rooted macrophytes. Six taxa are listed as quarantine pests according to EPPO. Among these, Pistia stratiotes is present in seven European countries, most of the records of this presence being recent. We studied P. stratiotes in a thermally abnormal stream where a persistent population was able to survive harsh winters. Models showed that the optimum temperature for P. stratiotes biomass was 28.8 ± 3.5 ◦C. Here, we show that air temperatures had a higher influence on the photosynthetic efficiency of P. stratiotes, estimated by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, than did water temperatures. Generally, growth, and consequently surface cover for free-floating plants, cannot be explained solely by thermally abnormal water temperatures. We conclude that even though the majority of thermophile alien plant occurrences resulted from deliberate introductions, thermally abnormal waters pose an invasion risk for further deliberate, accidental, or spontaneous spread, which might be more likely for free-floating macrophytes.
Ključne besede: macrophytes, alien invasive plants, chlorophyll fluorescence, plant mass, temperature gradient
Objavljeno v DKUM: 05.06.2024; Ogledov: 158; Prenosov: 17
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5. Understorey species distinguish late successional and ancient forests after decades of minimum human intervention : a case study from SloveniaMirjana Šipek, Tim Ravnjak, Nina Šajna, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The main species composition drivers in temperate deciduous forests are environmental conditions, a stand's age and the site history, e.g., the succession stage and past land use, as well as disturbance regime and current management. We compared plant species diversity and composition in late successional and ancient forests, co-occurring on the same small river island applying species accumulation curves and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, respectively. Given the island's geomorphological characteristics, we expected these to be very similar before human intervention in the past. The forests experienced differing disturbance regimes in the past, while over the last 30 years, human intervention has been the same and reduced to a minimum. The ancient forest in this study had two major characteristics defining it as old, mature forest: continuity of presence for more than 200 years and specific composition. The late successional forest experienced major disturbance in the 20th century and was allowed natural regeneration by bordering on the ancient forest, representing a potential species pool, and by decades of minimum human intervention. Our results showed that, even though there was no difference in species richness, we could still detect differences between the forests, particularly in the abundance and species composition of the understorey, among which geophytes had the most indicative importance. To make our results useful on a broader scale, we composed from the literature a species list of plants indicative for ancient forest and tested its application. These results are important for distinguishing between old and mature secondary stands and particularly for identifying old forest stands, which should be conserved and, in the case of fragmented landscapes, included in a network connecting forest fragments.
Ključne besede: forest community, successional forest, indicator plants, plant diversity, understorey, geophyte, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DKUM: 03.06.2024; Ogledov: 151; Prenosov: 7
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6. Eastward range expansion of the ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa LeSage, 1986) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in SloveniaMirjana Šipek, Eva Horvat, Nina Šajna, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Ambrosia artemiisifolia is North American plant species established and invasive in Europe. In 2013 its natural enemy, chrysomelid beetle Ophraella communa was first recorded in Italy and Switzerland. Since then, it has been spreading spontaneously and unintentionally with transport across Europe. Until now, it has been recorded only in the southwestern part of Slovenia in 2017 and around Ljubljana in 2019. Here we report the first records of O. communa in the north-eastern part of Slovenia. Thirty-four sites with A. artemisiifolia stands were inspected for the presence of any developmental stage of O. communa. Adult beetles and all other developmental stages were registered at two distinct locations near the cities of Celje and Maribor in 2022. One case of predation of Zicrona caerulea on O. communa larva was also observed.
Ključne besede: invasive species, Europe, biocontrol, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, herbivory, predation, Zicrona caerulea
Objavljeno v DKUM: 21.03.2024; Ogledov: 171; Prenosov: 11
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7. Vpliv svetlobe, hranil in kompeticije na rast tujerodnega indijskega jagodnjaka (Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem.) : magistrsko deloMaja Kreća, 2023, magistrsko delo Opis: Indijski jagodnjak (Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem.) je trajna zelnata rastlina iz družine rožnic (Rosaceae), ki izvira iz tropskih gozdnih območij južne in vzhodne Azije. Danes je razširjena po vsem svetu, najdemo jo na rahlo zasenčenih in vlažnih mestih, od gozdnih površin do vrtov in dvorišč. Je pogost plevel in v naših krajih velja za tujerodno invazivno vrsto. V sledeči nalogi smo raziskovali rast indijskega jagodnjaka pod vplivom različne količine dostopne svetlobe in hranil v tleh in ovrednotili vpliv znotrajvrstne in medvrstne kompeticije. Rastline rastoče na soncu so imele večjo biomaso, večje število listov in število rametov kot senčne rastline. Te lastnosti indijskega jagodnjaka smo interpretirali kot fitnes rastline. Največji prirast listov, stolonov in rametov, ter največjo svežo in suho maso indijskega jagodnjaka smo zabeležili na soncu z večjo količino hranil v tleh. Opazili smo značilen odziv indijskega jagodnjaka na zmanjšano razpoložljivost svetlobe, in sicer so rastline v senci razvile daljše listne peclje. Indijski jagodnjak v kompeticiji z ekološko podobno avtohtono bršljanasto grenkuljico (Glechoma hederacea L.) ni kazal kompeticijske prednosti. Bršljanasta grenkuljica je bila uspešnejša v alokaciji dostopnih virov v nadzemni in podzemni del rastline. Rezultati so pokazali, da se indijski jagodnjak, kot tujerodna invazivna vrsta, lahko prilagaja spremenjenim okoljskim razmeram z razvojem specifičnih lastnosti, ki omogočajo preživetje, rast in razvoj rastline.
Ključne besede: indijski jagodnjak, tujerodna invazivna vrsta, svetloba, hranila, kompeticija
Objavljeno v DKUM: 20.12.2023; Ogledov: 447; Prenosov: 28
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8. Contrasting responses of alien and ancient forest indicator plant species to fragmentation process in the temperate lowland forestsMirjana Šipek, Lado Kutnar, Aleksander Marinšek, Nina Šajna, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Fragmentation is one of the major threats to biodiversity. In a fragmented landscape, forest specialists are losing suitable forest habitats with specific site and microclimate conditions, which results in their local extinction. Conversely, the invasion of alien species is facilitated by open forest areas and increased boundaries between forest fragments and adjacent land. We studied the effect of fragmentation in terms of fragment size impact on overall plant species richness and on selected ecologically important groups' richness, composition, and diversity. We surveyed vegetation in the interior of 47 fragments of various sizes and one unfragmented reference forest. Our results reveal that the effect of fragmentation is complex and differs for studied plant groups. Decreasing fragment size negatively affects the overall plant richness and richness of native and ancient forest indicator plants as well as their diversity, while the effect is positive for alien plants. The highest proportion of ancient forest indicator plant species and the lowest proportion of alien plants in the unfragmented forest underline the great conservation value of forest fragments. At the same time, our results reveal that large and diverse forest ecosystems are susceptible to biological invasions as well.
Ključne besede: forest fragment, indicator plants, invasion, diversity, habitat modification, habitat conservation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.07.2023; Ogledov: 313; Prenosov: 38
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9. Tujerodne rastline v nižinskih gozdnih fragmentih: vpliv značilnosti robov in človekovih aktivnostiMirjana Šipek, 2022, doktorska disertacija Opis: V nižinskem delu SV Slovenije prevladuje intenzivna kmetijska krajina. Znotraj nje so gozdni fragmenti različnih velikosti, ki imajo pomembno vlogo pri ohranjanju lokalne bidoverzitete, vendar njihovo funkcijo ogrožajo (invazivne) tujerodne vrste (ITV). V raziskavo smo vključili 48 gozdnih fragmentov na Dravskem in Apaškem polju s površino od 0,1 do 260 ha. Predstavljeno problematiko obravnavamo s treh vidikov, ki nam pomagajo razumeti dovzetnost nižinskih gozdnih fragmentov za invazije tujerodnih vrst rastlin (TVR). V prvem delu raziskave smo ocenili invadiranost fragmentov s prevladujočim hrastovo-gabrovim gozdom (Erythronio-Carpinion) ter raziskali tri glavne skupine ekoloških dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na invadiranost fragmentov: konfiguracija, abiotske značilnosti in človekove aktivnosti. Največji vpliv na vrstno bogastvo TVR v gozdnih fragmentih je imela konfiguracija fragmenta, in sicer njegova velikost in prisotnost urbanih površin v njegovi okolici. Raziskali smo različne tipe gozdnih robov glede na vertikalno strukturo vegetacije, sosednjo rabo tal in lego ter skušali oceniti njihov vpliv na prisotnost in sestavo TVR na gozdnih robovih. Struktura vegetacije gozdnega roba ni vplivala na število TVR na robu ali v notranjosti gozdov. Največje število TVR je bilo na južnih robovih in robovih, ki so mejili na naselja ali vodotoke. Število in delež TVR/ITVR ni naraščal linearno z večanjem fragmentacije, ampak se nakazuje kompleksnejši vzorec. V drugem delu naloge smo izhajali iz predpostavke, da je rob je mejni habitat gozdnega fragmenta, ki je podvržen vdoru tujerodnih vrst, kar smo potrdili v prvem delu naloge. Na nitrofilnih gozdnih robovih sta pogosti vrsti tujerodni indijski jagodnjak (Duchesnea indica) in njemu ekološko podobna avtohtona bršljanasta grenkuljica (Glechoma hederacea). Obe vrsti rasteta na odprtih rastiščih kot so travišča in ruderalna rastišča, na gozdnih robovih in v gozdni podrasti. Raziskali smo vpliv okoljskih dejavnikov na fiziološko-ekološke značilnosti obeh vrst. Najbolj variabilne lastnosti pri obeh so povezane s spolnim reproduktivnim potencialom, medtem ko je bila najmanj variabilna vsebnost suhe snovi. Bršljanasta grenkuljica na svetlih rastiščih vlaga energijo v spolni reproduktivni potencial, medtem ko rastline zasenčenih rastišč skoraj ne razvijejo cvetov in semen, vegetativna razrast pa je ojačana. Indijski jagodnjak za razliko od bršljanaste grenkuljice obilno cveti in semeni v vseh habitatih, vendar je že med rastlinami istega habitata prisotna velika variabilnost. Fenotipska plastičnost omogoča bršljanasti grenkuljici in indijskemu jagodnjaku prilagoditev na različne okoljske pogoje vključujoč različne antropogene motnje. Posledično obe vrsti izkazujeta dokaj konstanten fitnes vzdolž okoljskega gradienta in lahko uspevata v kontrastnih habitatih. Vrste s takšnimi značilnostmi so predprilagojene na nova okolja in se lahko hitro naturalizirajo. V tretjem delu naloge smo se osredotočili na problematiko odlaganja vrtnih odpadkov v gozdove. Tekom terenskega dela smo v 30% gozdnih fragmentov opazili vrtne odpadke, kjer smo pogosto našli več TVR kakor v fragmentih brez odpadkov. Z intervjuvanjem javnosti smo ocenili, da vsaj občasno odlaga vrtni odpad v gozdove 12% lastnikov vrtov. Večina lastnikov vrtov, ki odlaga vrtne odpadke v gozdove, meni, da s tem ne spodbujajo invazij TVR. Rezulati kažejo, da je potrebno ozaveščanje tarčnih skupin javnosti (lastniki vrtov z okrasnimi rastlinami) o problematiki (invazivnih) tujerodnih organizmov. S poznavanjem demografske strukture lastnikov vrtov, ki odlagajo vrtne odpadke v gozdove, smo pridobili podatke, s katerimi bi lahko učinkoviteje ozaveščali tarčne skupine javnosti.
Ključne besede: mejni habitat, konfiguracija fragmenta, invazivni potencial, fenotipska plastičnost, okrasne rastline, vrtni odpadki
Objavljeno v DKUM: 12.12.2022; Ogledov: 842; Prenosov: 90
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10. Potencialni alelopatski učinki listnih izvlečkov invazivnih tujerodnih rastlin na rast izbranih ruderalnih vrstNuša Kumin, 2021, magistrsko delo Opis: V magistrskem delu smo raziskovali vpliv vodnih izvlečkov navadne barvilnice (Phytolacca americana L.), japonskega dresnika (Fallopia japonica Houtt.) in peterolistne vinike (Parthenocissus quinquefolia Planch) na kalice sivozelenega muhviča (Setaria pumila L.). Preučevali smo, ali izvlečki iz različno starih listov zavirajo rast sivozelenega muhviča, in ali se koncentracije barvil v listih invazivnih rastlin glede na starost listov (mlajši in starejši) razlikujejo. Po štiritedenskem zalivanju kalic muhviča, ostriženih na enotno višino, z 0,1, 1 in 10 % koncentriranimi vodnimi izvlečki zgoraj naštetih invazivk, smo kalicam izmerili dolžino prirasta in dolžino korenine, prav tako pa smo določili suho in svežo maso vseh kalic po posameznih tretmajih. Ugotovili smo, da so najnižje povprečne vrednosti velikosti kalic in dolžin korenin bile dosežene vedno pri izvlečkih navadne barvilnice ne glede na starost listov; variirala je samo koncentracija izvlečka, pri kateri smo dosegli najnižje povprečne vrednosti.
Ključne besede: alelopatija, tujerodne invazivne vrste, sivozeleni muhvič (Setaria pumila L.), navadna barvilnica (Phytolacca americana L.), japonski dresnik (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), peterolistna vinika (Parthenocissus quinquefolia Planch)
Objavljeno v DKUM: 09.08.2021; Ogledov: 1381; Prenosov: 101
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