1. Adipose tissue gene expression of entire male, immunocastrated and surgically castrated pigsKlavdija Poklukar Žnidaršič, Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Milka Vrecl, Nina Batorek Lukač, Gregor Fazarinc, Kevin Kress, Volker Stefanski, Martin Škrlep, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Differences in adipose tissue deposition and properties between pig male sex categories, i.e., entire males (EM), immunocastrates (IC) and surgical castrates (SC) are relatively well-characterized, whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. To gain knowledge about the genetic regulation of the differences in adipose tissue deposition, two different approaches were used: RNA-sequencing and candidate gene expression by quantitative PCR. A total of 83 differentially expressed genes were identified between EM and IC, 15 between IC and SC and 48 between EM and SC by RNA-sequencing of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Comparing EM with IC or SC, upregulated genes related to extracellular matrix dynamics and adipogenesis, and downregulated genes involved in the control of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were detected. Differential gene expression generally indicated high similarity between IC and SC as opposed to EM, except for several heat shock protein genes that were upregulated in EM and IC compared with SC. The candidate gene expression approach showed that genes involved in lipogenesis were downregulated in EM compared with IC pigs, further confirming RNA-sequencing results.
Ključne besede: pigs, adipose tissue, entire males, immunocastration, surgical castration, RNA-sequencing, expression
Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.10.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 0
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2. Reduced use of nitrites and phosphates in dry-fermented sausagesMartin Škrlep, Manja Ozmec, Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Given consumer demand for foods with fewer artificial additives, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of reduced use of nitrites and phosphates on dry-fermented sausage quality. Four sausage formulations were prepared: (1) control (using standard procedure with 0.2% phosphates and 110 mg/kg sodium nitrite) and formulations with (2) 50% less sodium nitrite, (3) 50% less sodium nitrite and sodium ascorbate (225 mg/kg), and (4) with standard nitrite but no phosphates. Weight loss and pH evolution were monitored during processing. The color, physicochemical (including oxidation), rheological, and sensory properties were evaluated on the finished product, as well as mold growth and microbiological status. Compared to control, nitrite reduction was associated with increased surface mold growth, reduced (3.0–4.4%) processing loss, and slightly higher oxidation (1.7 μg/kg more malondialdehyde) but without affecting instrumental color. The simultaneous addition of ascorbate reduced oxidation and improved color stability. The formulation without the phosphates resulted in increased oxidation (3.4 μg/kg more malondialdehyde) and changes in the instrumental color. The observed changes were relatively unimportant, as neither of the tested formulations influenced sensory traits or compromised microbial safety, implying that they can be used in production without any harm or even with some benefits.
Ključne besede: dry sausages, additives, nitrites, phosphates, ascorbates
Objavljeno v DKUM: 04.07.2024; Ogledov: 109; Prenosov: 12
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3. Male reproductive organ weight : criteria for detection of androstenone-positive carcasses in immunocastrated and antire male pigsGregor Fazarinc, Nina Batorek Lukač, Martin Škrlep, Klavdija Poklukar Žnidaršič, Alice Broeke, Kevin Kress, Etienne Labussière, Volker Stefanski, Milka Vrecl, Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Immunocastration and rearing of entire males (EMs) are sustainable alternatives to surgical castration. However, these animal carcasses have variable risk of boar taint and should be identified at the slaughter line. We aimed to identify a simple and reliable indicator of androstenone-related boar taint by evaluating pelvic urogenital tract weight as a marker of boar-taint animals at the slaughter line. The pelvic urogenital tract, testes, and accessory sex glands of EMs and immunocastrates (ICs) were collected, dissected, and weighed, before colorimetric measurements of testicular tissue. Additionally, GnRH antibody titers and testosterone, androstenone, and skatole levels were determined. Our results showed that 81.8% of EMs had androstenone levels above the risk threshold (>0.5 µg/g fat; EM/Ahigh subgroup), whereas in ICs, the C/Ahigh subgroup with androstenone >0.5 µg/g fat accounted for only 4.3%. Androstenone levels correlated negatively with GnRH antibody titers and positively with testosterone levels and reproductive organ weights. Identification of ICs with androstenone levels above the threshold (IC/Ahigh subgroup) may be achieved via testes or pelvic urogenital tract weight measurements. However, in EMs, the latter is a more reliable parameter. A principal component analysis based on these variables and hierarchical clustering also distinguished the Ahigh from the Alow subgroup, irrespective of IC/EM. The findings highlight the possible use of pelvic urogenital tract weight along with testes weight as a simple, reliable, and efficient morphometric indicator for identifying androstenone-positive carcasses of different sex categories.
Ključne besede: boar taint, morphometric indicators, immunocastration, entire males
Objavljeno v DKUM: 11.04.2024; Ogledov: 213; Prenosov: 6
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4. Immunocastration in adult boars as a model for late-onset hypogonadismNina Batorek Lukač, Kevin Kress, Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Gregor Fazarinc, Martin Škrlep, Klavdija Poklukar Žnidaršič, Raffael Wesoly, Volker Stefanski, Milka Vrecl, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Background:
While immunocastration has been studied in male pre-pubertal pigs, data on older, sexually mature animals are limited. To understand the physiological effects of androgen deprivation in the late sexual development phase, we compared mature immunocastrated boars (n = 19; average age = 480 days) to young male immunocastrated pigs (n = 6; average age = 183 days) and young entire males (n = 6; average age = 186 days) as positive and negative controls, respectively.
Objectives:
We hypothesized that the timing of gonadotropin-releasing hormone suppression (early or late sexual development phases) influences the extent of reproductive function inhibition, histological structure of testicular tissue, and expression levels of selected genes related to steroid metabolism.
Materials and methods:
Antibody titer, hormonal status, and histomorphometric analysis of testicular tissue were subjected to principal component analysis followed by hierarchical clustering to evaluate the immunocastration effectiveness in mature boars.
Results:
Hierarchical clustering differentiated mature immunocastrated boars clustered with young immunocastrated pigs from those clustered with entire males. Although all mature immunocastrated boars responded to vaccination, as evidenced by the increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone antibody titers (p < 0.001), decreased serum luteinizing hormone concentrations (p = 0.002), and changes in testicular tissue
vascularization (lighter and less red testicular parenchyma; p ≤ 0.001), the responses were variable. Sharp decreases in testes index (p < 0.001), Leydig cell volume density (p < 0.001), Leydig cell nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio (p < 0.001), and testosterone concentration (p < 0.001) were observed in mature immunocastrated boars clustered with young immunocastrated pigs compared with those that clustered with entire males. Additionally, mature immunocastrated boars clustered with young immunocastrated pigs showed lower hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 7 expression than entire males (p < 0.05). The young immunocastrated pigs group showed higher folliclestimulating hormone receptors than the entire males and mature immunocastrated boars, lower steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression levels compared with
entire males, and mature immunocastrated boars clustered with entire males (p < 0.01).
Conclusion:
The two-dose vaccination regime resulted in progressive but variable regression of testicular function in adult (post-pubertal) pigs; however, it was insufficient to induce a complete immunocastration response in all animals.
Ključne besede: response to immunocastration, pigs, anti-GnRH, morphometry, testicular mRNA expression
Objavljeno v DKUM: 16.08.2023; Ogledov: 490; Prenosov: 66
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5. Salivary gland adaptation to dietary inclusion of hydrolysable tannins in boarsMaša Mavri, Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Gregor Fazarinc, Martin Škrlep, Catrin Rutland, Božidar Potočnik, Nina Batorek Lukač, Valentina Kubale, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The ingestion of hydrolysable tannins as a potential nutrient to reduce boar odor in entire males results in the significant enlargement of parotid glands (parotidomegaly). The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of different levels of hydrolysable tannins in the diet of fattening boars (n = 24) on salivary gland morphology and proline-rich protein (PRP) expression at the histological level. Four treatment groups of pigs (n = 6 per group) were fed either a control (T0) or experimental diet, where the T0 diet was supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), or 3% (T3) of the hydrolysable tannin-rich extract Farmatan®. After slaughter, the parotid and mandibular glands of the experimental pigs were harvested and dissected for staining using Goldner’s Trichrome method, and immunohistochemical studies with antibodies against PRPs. Morphometric analysis was performed on microtome sections of both salivary glands, to measure the acinar area, the lobular area, the area of the secretory ductal cells, and the sizes of glandular cells and their nuclei. Histological assessment revealed that significant parotidomegaly was only present in the T3 group, based on the presence of larger glandular lobules, acinar areas, and their higher nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. The immunohistochemical method, supported by color intensity measurements, indicated significant increases in basic PRPs (PRB2) in the T3 and acidic PRPs (PRH1/2) in the T1 groups. Tannin upplementation did not affect the histo-morphological properties of the mandibular gland. This study confirms that pigs can adapt to a tannin-rich diet by making structural changes in their parotid salivary gland, indicating its higher functional activity.
Ključne besede: pigs, dietary supplements, tannins, parotid gland, mandibular gland, immunohistochemistry, histology, proline-rich proteins (PRP), swine
Objavljeno v DKUM: 07.07.2023; Ogledov: 506; Prenosov: 44
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6. Zmanjšanje uporabe nitritov in polifosfatov pri predelavi sušenih klobasManja Ozmec, 2021, magistrsko delo Opis: Cilj naloge je bil ugotoviti, kakšen je vpliv zmanjšanja količine aditivov (natrijevega nitrita in polifosfatov) ter dodatka natrijevega askorbata na kakovost sušenih klobas. V ta namen so bile oblikovane štiri poskusne skupine. Prva skupina klobas (kontrola) je bila izdelana po že obstoječi recepturi predelovalca (uporaba 0,2 % polifosfatov ter 2,2 % mesarske soli z 0,5 % natrijevega nitrita). Druga skupina klobas je bila narejena s 50 % zmanjšano vsebnostjo natrijevega nitrita, v tretji skupini je bil klobasam poleg 50 % zmanjšane vsebnosti nitritov dodan natrijev askorbat (225 mg/kg). Četrta skupina je bila oblikovana po standardni recepturi, vendar brez polifosfatov. Postopek predelave je trajal 24 dni. Z izjemo vpliva na oksidativno stabilnosti in nekoliko manjših izgub (osuška) ni bilo ugotovljenih pomembnih vplivov zmanjšanja natrijevega nitrita na fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti klobas, prav tako se razlike niso izrazile pri senzoričnih lastnostih, niti pri mikrobiološki sliki. Analize so pokazale, da dodatek natrijevega askorbata v kombinaciji z zmanjšanim dodatkom nitritov pozitivno vpliva na stabilnost barve in antioksidativne lastnosti. V primeru skupine klobas brez dodanih fosfatov ni bilo ugotovljenega pomembnega vpliva pri izgubi (osušek), ne pri reoloških in senzoričnih lastnostih, ugotovljena pa je bila večja oksidacija in vpliv na instrumentalno izmerjeno barvo. Na splošno so bile razlike majhne in slabo opazne, kar je potrdila tudi senzorična analiza.
Ključne besede: sušena klobasa, nitrit, polifosfati, askorbat
Objavljeno v DKUM: 17.09.2021; Ogledov: 804; Prenosov: 111
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7. Vpliv spola in stopnje soljenja na kakovost pršutaGregor Sok, 2020, magistrsko delo Opis: Cilj naloge je bil ugotoviti, kako spol prašiča in dolžina soljenja stegen vplivata na fizikalno-kemijske in teksturne lastnosti pršuta. V ta namen smo predelali stegna dvanajstih prašičev, šestih kastratov in šestih svinjk. Vse leve noge smo uporabili za krajše (10 dni), vse desne noge pa za daljše soljenje (18 dni). Vsi ostali postopki med predelavo so bili enaki. Po zaključenem zorenju smo za nadaljnje analize odvzeli vzorce dveh mišic, semimembranosus (SM) in biceps femoris (BF). Stegna kastratov so se od stegen svinjk razlikovala le v zamaščenosti, kar se je med predelavo, v fazi soljenja, odrazilo v manjši izgubi mase. Po zaključenem zorenju se stegna kastratov in svinjk niso razlikovala v kemijsko-fizikalnih lastnostih, razen v indeksu proteolize, ki je bil manjši v mišičnini kastratov, kar kaže na manj izražene proteolitične procese pri slednjih. Skladno s tem je analiza teksturnih lastnosti pokazala, da je bil po zaključku zorenja pršut iz svinjk (ugotovljeno za mišico BF), bolj mehak, manj koheziven in manj gumijast. Vpliv spola je značilno vplival na barvo mastnine in mišičnine po zaključku zorenja, in sicer je bila barva mastnine in barva obeh mišic BF in SM pri svinjkah svetlejša kot pri kastratih. Trajanje soljenja je vplivalo na vsebnost soli v pršutu, ki je bila pri krajšem soljenju značilno zmanjšana. Prav tako je krajše soljenje vplivalo na teksturne lastnosti pršuta, saj je bil pršut, ki je bil izpostavljen krajšemu soljenju mehkejši (SM in BF), mišica SM je bila tudi manj kohezivna, gumijasta in žvečljiva.
Ključne besede: pršut, spol, soljenje, kakovost
Objavljeno v DKUM: 30.09.2020; Ogledov: 1078; Prenosov: 76
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8. Določanje kakovosti maščob v prašičjem mesu in slanini z bližnjo infrardečo spektroskopijoValerija Jurkovič, 2019, magistrsko delo Opis: Preučevali smo točnost napovedovanja maščobnokislinske sestave maščobnega ter mišičnega tkiva z bližnjo infrardečo (NIR) spektroskopijo. Modele za napovedovanje smo razvili na osnovi spektrov vzorcev maščobnega in mišičnega tkiva ter referenčnih vrednosti kemijske analize za posamezne maščobne kisline (MK) in skupine MK (nasičene ̶ NMK, enkrat nenasičene ̶̶ ENMK, večkrat nasičene ̶ VNMK, n-3 in n-6 VNMK). Za napovedovanje smo uporabili laboratorijski NIR-spektrometer (model NIR System 6500) ter območje valovnih dolžin od 400 do 2500 nm. Vzorce maščobnega tkiva smo posneli v intaktni, vzorce mišic pa v homogenizirani obliki. Kakovost umeritvenih enačb smo ovrednotili s pomočjo parametrov standardna napaka kalibracije (seC), standardna napaka navzkrižne validacije (seCV), determinacijski koeficient kalibracije (R2C) in navzkrižne validacije (R2CV) ter parametrom RPD (razmerje med standardnim odklonom referenčnih vrednosti in seCV). Za zanesljive napovedi mora RPD presegati 3,0, vrednosti RPD med 2,0 in 3,0 pa kažejo na uporabnost enačb za grobo spremljanje. Rezultati kažejo precej uspešno napovedovanje skupin MK v podkožnem maščobnem tkivu z NIR-spektroskopijo. Najboljši rezultat smo dobili pri VNMK, kjer sta R2CV in RPD znašala 0,92 in 3,7, ter pri n-6 VNMK, kjer smo dosegli R2CV 0,92 in RPD 3,6. Za NMK sta R2CV in RPD znašala 0,76 in 2,0, pri ENMK 0,88 in 2,9 ter pri n-3 VNMK 0,66 in 1,7. Pri posameznih MK smo najboljše rezultate dobili pri vsoti C18:1 (R2CV = 0,85, RPD = 2,6), vendar je bil RPD pri večini MK pod 2,0. Pri skupinah MK so, z izjemo razmerja VNMK n-6/n-3, dobljene kalibracije uporabne za (grobo) spremljanje. Maščobnokislinske sestave mišičnega tkiva nismo uspeli zadovoljivo napovedati.
Ključne besede: NIR-spektroskopija, maščobnokislinska sestava, meso, slanina, prašiči
Objavljeno v DKUM: 06.09.2019; Ogledov: 2078; Prenosov: 119
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9. Ekonomika dopolnilne dejavnosti predelave mesa na lastni kmetijiNina Filipič, 2018, diplomsko delo/naloga Opis: Osnovni cilj raziskave je bila ekonomika predelave mesa na lastni kmetiji. Osnovna dejavnost na kmetiji je pitanje prašičev. Kmetija se odloča o nadaljnji predelavi mesa v končne izdelke, pri čemer bi bila glavna dejavnost na kmetiji izdelava prleške tünke po starih običajih. V ta namen je bil razvit tehnološko-ekonomski model predelave mesa v različne domače izdelke. Osrednja uporabljena metoda je bila metoda kalkulacije skupnih stroškov in ocena koeficienta ekonomičnosti (Ke). Rezultati analize kažejo, da je pitanje prašičev ob upoštevanju lastne cene žit ekonomsko upravičeno (Ke = 1,04). Koeficient ekonomičnosti predelave mesa v prleško tünko (Ke = 1,41), domače krvavice (Ke = 3,30), suhe domače klobase (Ke = 2,90), domačo tlačenko (Ke = 0,06) in ocvirke (Ke = 1,19) je pokazal, da je predelava ekonomsko precej bolj učinkovita kot le pitanje prašičev. Izjema pri predelavi mesa je predelava v domačo tlačenko, kjer rezultati raziskave kažejo, da je proizvodnja ekonomsko neučinkovita, saj je ocenjena vrednost koeficienta ekonomičnosti nižja od vrednosti 1.
Ključne besede: ekonomika / dopolnilna dejavnost / predelava mesa
Objavljeno v DKUM: 21.09.2018; Ogledov: 1781; Prenosov: 195
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10. Primerjava kakovosti mesa med merjasci in kastrati - etiologija trdoteJasmina Bajc, 2018, magistrsko delo/naloga Opis: Zaradi predvidene prepovedi kirurške kastracije pujskov v EU so potrebne raziskave alternativ; ena od njih, ki naj bi se najverjetneje uveljavila, je reja merjascev. Kljub nekaterim prednostim, ki jih reja merjascev predstavlja v primerjavi s kastrati, pa obstajajo indikacije, da je kakovost mesa merjascev drugačna. Kaže se problem večje trdote mesa, etiologija pojava pa še ni raziskana. Zato je bil osnovni cilj naše študije ugotoviti, ali obstajajo razlike v trdoti mesa med merjasci in kastrati ter s čim lahko te razlike pojasnimo. V raziskavi smo izmerili lastnosti kakovosti klavnega trupa (DM5), lastnosti kakovosti mesa (pH, barva mesa, sposobnost vezave vode, rezna trdota) ter določili kemijsko sestavo mesa (vsebnost proteinov, intramuskularne maščobe in vode, vsebnost skupnega mišičnega pigmenta, kolagena in oksidacije proteinov). Zbrane podatke smo statistično analizirali s pomočjo programa SAS. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da imajo merjasci več celokupnega kolagena (34,5 %, P < 0,05), manj intramuskularne maščobe (66 %, P < 0,05), večji obseg oksidacije proteinov (59,5 % večja vsebnost karbonilnih skupin, P < 0,05) in slabšo sposobnost vezave vode (35,5 % večja izceja mesnega soka ter 21 % večje izgube pri kuhanju, P < 0,05) v primerjavi s kastrati. Vse zgoraj naštete lastnosti lahko pojasnijo ugotovljeno večjo trdoto mesa; ta je bila pri merjascih večja za 36,6 % (P < 0,05).
Ključne besede: merjasci, kastrati, trdota, kakovost mesa
Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.04.2018; Ogledov: 1646; Prenosov: 126
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