1. A new method for testing the anti-permeability strength of clay failure under a high water pressureFu-wei Jiang, Ming-tang Lei, Xiao-zhen Jiang, 2015, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: It is difficult to judge the failure of clay seepage under a high water pressure.This paper presents a new method to assess clay failure based on the anti-permeability strength, which is the critical water pressure to destroy the clay. An experiment is designed to test the value that avoids the problem of the time-consuming, traditional method to test clay seepage deformation. The experimental system and the process of testing are introduced in this paper. With a self-designed experimental system and method, 18 groups of sample were tested. The results show that the clay thickness and the seepage paths influence the anti-permeability strength. It also indicates that water infiltrates into the clay under the condition that its pressure exceeds a minimum value (P0).
Ključne besede: clay failure, seepage deformation, anti-permeability strength, high water pressure
Objavljeno v DKUM: 15.06.2018; Ogledov: 1166; Prenosov: 91
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2. Emergence of target waves in paced populations of cyclically competing speciesLuo-Luo Jiang, Tao Zhou, Matjaž Perc, Xin Huang, Bing-Hong Wang, 2009, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: We investigate the emergence of target waves in a cyclic predator-prey model incorporating a periodic current of the three competing species in a small area situated at the center of a square lattice. The periodic current acts as a pacemaker, trying to impose its rhythm on the overall spatiotemporal evolution of the three species. We show that the pacemaker is able to nucleate target waves that eventually spread across the whole population, whereby three routes leading to this phenomenon can be distinguished depending on the mobility of the three species and the oscillation period of the localized current. First, target waves can emerge due to the synchronization between the periodic current and oscillations of the density of the three species on the spatial grid. The second route is similar to the first, the difference being that the synchronization sets in only intermittently. Finally, the third route toward target waves is realized when the frequency of the pacemaker is much higher than that characterizing the oscillations of the overall density of the three species. By considering the mobility and frequency of the current as variable parameters, we thus provide insights into the mechanisms of pattern formation resulting from the interplay between local and global dynamics in systems governed by cyclically competing species.
Ključne besede: cyclical interactions, target waves, spatial games, diversity
Objavljeno v DKUM: 30.06.2017; Ogledov: 1336; Prenosov: 376
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3. Spreading of cooperative behaviour across interdependent groupsLuo-Luo Jiang, Matjaž Perc, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Recent empirical research has shown that links between groups reinforce individuals within groups to adopt cooperative behaviour. Moreover, links between networks may induce cascading failures, competitive percolation, or contribute to efficient transportation. Here we show that there in fact exists an intermediate fraction of links between groups that is optimal for the evolution of cooperation in the prisoners dilemma game. We consider individual groups with regular, random, and scale-free topology, and study their different combinations to reveal that an intermediate interdependence optimally facilitates the spreading of cooperative behaviour between groups. Excessive between-group links simply unify the two groups and make them act as one, while too rare between-group links preclude a useful information flow between the two groups. Interestingly, we find that between-group links are more likely to connect two cooperators than in-group links, thus supporting the conclusion that they are of paramount importance.
Ključne besede: social dilemma, cooperation, public goods, biased utility, interdependent networks, statistical physics of social systems
Objavljeno v DKUM: 23.06.2017; Ogledov: 1531; Prenosov: 397
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4. Motor unit characteristics after targeted muscle reinnervationTamás Kapelner, Ning Jiang, Aleš Holobar, Ivan Vujaklija, Aidan Roche, Dario Farina, Oskar Aszmann, 2016, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a surgical procedure used to redirect nerves originally controlling muscles of the amputated limb into remaining muscles above the amputation, to treat phantom limb pain and facilitate prosthetic control. While this procedure effectively establishes robust prosthetic control, there is little knowledge on the behavior and characteristics of the reinnervated motor units. In this study we compared the m. pectoralis of five TMR patients to nine able-bodied controls with respect to motor unit action potential (MUAP) characteristics. We recorded and decomposed high-density surface EMG signals into individual spike trains of motor unit action potentials. In the TMR patients the MUAP surface area normalized to the electrode grid surface (0.25 ± 0.17 and 0.81 ± 0.46, p < 0.001) and the MUAP duration (10.92 ± 3.89 ms and 14.03 ± 3.91 ms, p < 0.01) were smaller for the TMR group than for the controls. The mean MUAP amplitude (0.19 ± 0.11 mV and 0.14 ± 0.06 mV, p = 0.07) was not significantly different between the two groups. Finally, we observed that MUAP surface representation in TMR generally overlapped, and the surface occupied by motor units corresponding to only one motor task was on average smaller than 12% of the electrode surface. These results suggest that smaller MUAP surface areas in TMR patients do not necessarily facilitate prosthetic control due to a high degree of overlap between these areas, and a neural information—based control could lead to improved performance. Based on the results we also infer that the size of the motor units after reinnervation is influenced by the size of the innervating motor neuron.
Ključne besede: target muscle reinnervation, motor unit, controlling muscles
Objavljeno v DKUM: 19.06.2017; Ogledov: 1233; Prenosov: 367
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5. If cooperation is likely punish mildly: insights from economic experiments based on the snowdrift gameLuo-Luo Jiang, Matjaž Perc, Attila Szolnoki, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Punishment may deter antisocial behavior. Yet to punish is costly, and the costs often do not offset the gains that are due to elevated levels of cooperation. However, the effectiveness of punishment depends not only on how costly it is, but also on the circumstances defining the social dilemma. Using the snowdrift game as the basis, we have conducted a series of economic experiments to determine whether severe punishment is more effective than mild punishment. We have observed that severe punishment is not necessarily more effective, even if the cost of punishment is identical in both cases. The benefits of severe punishment become evident only under extremely adverse conditions, when to cooperate is highly improbable in the absence of sanctions. If cooperation is likely, mild punishment is not less effective and leads to higher average payoffs, and is thus the much preferred alternative. Presented results suggest that the positive effects of punishment stem not only from imposed fines, but may also have a psychological background. Small fines can do wonders in motivating us to chose cooperation over defection, but without the paralyzing effect that may be brought about by large fines. The later should be utilized only when absolutely necessary.
Ključne besede: public goods, punishment, economic experiments, snowdrift game
Objavljeno v DKUM: 19.06.2017; Ogledov: 995; Prenosov: 360
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6. Noninvasive, accurate assessment of the behavior of representative populations of motor units in targeted reinnervated musclesDario Farina, Hubertus Rehbaum, Aleš Holobar, Ivan Vujaklija, Ning Jiang, Christian Hofer, Stefan Salminger, Hans-Willem van Vliet, Oskar Aszmann, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) redirects nerves that have lost their target, due to amputation, to remaining muscles in the region of the stump with the intent of establishing intuitive myosignals to control a complex prosthetic device. In order to directly recover the neural code underlying an attempted limb movement, in this paper, we present the decomposition of high-density surface electromyographic (EMG) signals detected from three TMR patients into the individual motor unit spike trains. The aim was to prove, for the first time, the feasibility of decoding the neural drive that would reach muscles of the missing limb in TMR patients, to show the accuracy of the decoding, and to demonstrate the representativeness of the pool of extracted motor units. Six to seven flexible EMG electrode grids of 64 electrodes each were mounted over the reinnervated muscles of each patient, resulting in up to 448 EMG signals. The subjects were asked to attempt elbow extension and flexion, hand open and close, wrist extension and flexion, wrist pronation and supination, of their missing limb. The EMG signals were decomposed using the Convolution Kernel Compensation technique and the decomposition accuracy was evaluated with a signal-based index of accuracy, called pulse-to-noise ratio (PNR). The results showed that the spike trains of 3 to 27 motor units could be identified for each task, with a sensitivity of the decomposition > 90%, as revealed by PNR. The motor unit discharge rates were within physiological values of normally innervated muscles. Moreover, the detected motor units showed a high degree of common drive so that the set of extracted units per task was representative of the behavior of the population of active units. The results open a path for a new generation of human-machine interfaces in which the control signals are extracted from noninvasive recordings and the obtained neural information is based directly on the spike trains of motor neurons.
Ključne besede: electromyographic, EMG, decomposition, high-density EMG, motor neuron, motor unit, myoelectronic control, neural drive to muscle, target muscle reinervation, TMR
Objavljeno v DKUM: 25.05.2015; Ogledov: 1369; Prenosov: 0 |
7. The extraction of neural information from the surface EMG for the control of upper-limb prostheses : emerging avenues and challengesDario Farina, Ning Jiang, Hubertus Rehbaum, Aleš Holobar, Bernhard Graimann, Hans Dietl, Oskar Aszmann, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Despite not recording directly from neural cells, the surface electromyogram (EMG) signal contains information on the neural drive to muscles, i.e., the spike trains of motor neurons. Using this property, myoelectric control consists of the recording of EMG signals for extracting control signals to command external devices, such as hand prostheses. In commercial control systems, the intensity of muscle activity is extracted from the EMG and used for single degrees of freedom activation (direct control). Over the past 60 years, academic research has progressed to more sophisticated approaches but, surprisingly, none of these academic achievements has been implemented in commercial systems so far. We provide an overview of both commercial and academic myoelectric control systems and we analyze their performance with respect to the characteristics of the ideal myocontroller. Classic and relatively novel academic methods are described, including techniques for simultaneous and proportional control of multiple degrees of freedom and the use of individual motor neuron spike trains for direct control. The conclusion is that the gap between industry and academia is due to the relatively small functional improvement in daily situations that academic systems offer, despite the promising laboratory results, at the expense of a substantial reduction in robustness. None of the systems so far proposed in the literature fulfills all the important criteria needed for widespread acceptance by the patients, i.e. intuitive, closed-loop, adaptive, and robust real-time ( 200 ms delay) control, minimal number of recording electrodes with low sensitivity to repositioning, minimal training, limited complexity and low consumption. Nonetheless, in recent years, important efforts have been invested in matching these criteria, with relevant steps forwards.
Ključne besede: neural drive to muscle, high-density EMG, motor neuron, motor unit, myoelectronic control, pattern recognition, regression
Objavljeno v DKUM: 25.05.2015; Ogledov: 1326; Prenosov: 0 |
8. Recent Canadian advances in nuclear-based hydrogen production and the thermochemical Cu-Cl cycleGreg F. Naterer, S. Suppiah, M. Lewis, K. Gabriel, İbrahim Dinçer, Marc A. Rosen, Michael Fowler, G. Rizvi, E. B. Easton, B. M. Ikeda, M. H. Kaye, L. Lu, I. Pioro, P. Spekkens, P. Tremaine, J. Mostaghimi, Jurij Avsec, J. Jiang, 2009, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This paper presents recent Canadian advances in nuclear-based production of hydrogen by electrolysis and the thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle. This includes individual process and reactor developments within the Cu-Cl cycle, thermochemical properties, advanced materials, controls, safety, reliability, economic analysis of electrolysis at off-peak hours, and integrating hydrogen plants with Canada's nuclear power plants. These enabling technologies are being developed by a Canadian consortium, as part of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) for hydrogen production from the next generation of nuclear reactors.
Ključne besede: nuclear-based hydrogen production, thermochemical copper-chlorine cycle, electrolysis
Objavljeno v DKUM: 31.05.2012; Ogledov: 1847; Prenosov: 96
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