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Opis: The pandemic of COVID-19 disease has brought many challenges in the field of personal protective equipment. The amount of disposable surgical masks (DSMs) consumed increased dramatically, and much of it was improperly disposed of, i.e., it entered the environment. For this reason, it is crucial to accurately analyze the waste and identify all the hazards it poses. Therefore, in the present work, a DSM was disassembled, and gravimetric analysis of representative DSM waste was performed, along with detailed infrared spectroscopy of the individual parts and in-depth analysis of the waste. Due to the potential water contamination by micro/nanoplastics and also by other harmful components of DSMs generated during the leaching and photodegradation process, the xenon test and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure were used to analyze and evaluate the leaching of micro/nanoplastics. Micro/nanoplastic particles were leached from all five components of the mask in an aqueous medium. Exposed to natural conditions, a DSM loses up to 30% of its mass in just 1 month, while micro/nanoplastic particles are formed by the process of photodegradation. Improperly treated DSMs pose a potential hazardous risk to the environment due to the release of micro/nanoparticles and chloride ion content.
Ključne besede: DSM, micro/nanoparticles, leaching, artificial weathering, environmental pollution
Objavljeno v DKUM: 26.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 1
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Opis: Since millions of tons of packaging material cannot be recycled in conventional ways, most of it ends up in landfills or even dumped into the natural environment. The researched methods of chemical depolymerization therefore open a new perspective for the recycling of various PET materials, which are especially important for packaging. Food preservative packaging materials made from PET plastics are complex, and their wastes are often contaminated, so there are no sophisticated solutions for them in the recycling industry. After integrating the biopolymer chitosan, which is derived from natural chitin, as an active surface additive in PET materials, we discovered that it not only enriches the packaging material as a microbial inhibitor to reduce the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, thus extending the shelf life of the contained food, but also enables economical chemical recycling by alkaline or neutral hydrolysis, which is an environmentally friendly process. Alkaline hydrolysis at a high temperature and pressure completely depolymerizes chitosan-coated PET packaging materials into pure terephthalic acid and charcoal. The products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The resulting reusable material represents raw materials in chemical, plastic, textile, and other industries, in addition to the antimicrobial function and recyclability itself.
Ključne besede: chitosan, active packaging, PET, recycling, reusability
Objavljeno v DKUM: 26.03.2025; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 5
Celotno besedilo (3,56 MB)
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Opis: Aging and washing factors have a direct influence on changing the properties of textile products, e.g., causing a release of textile fragments in the washing process. In this study, polyester fabrics were exposed to artificial aging under controlled conditions. Using a modified washing process, polyester fabrics were subjected to 10 washing cycles before and after the aging process. To monitor the influence of aging and the modified washing process on the polyester fabrics, the physical, structural and morphological properties of the fabrics and the composition of the collected wastewater were analyzed. The results indicate a slight degradation and increased defragmentation of the polyester fabric due to the processes used. Aging caused the phenomenon of “annealing”, photo-oxidative degradation, and the local thickening of the individual fibers. Aging and washing processes influence the change in tensile strength properties. An analysis of zeta potential and BET results confirmed that the aging process results in surface modifications that depend on the time of exposure. The physico-chemical characterization and microscopic analysis of the wastewater revealed various fragments and short, detached fibrils. The results confirmed that both aging and washing significantly affect the properties of polyester fabrics and the composition of the wastewater resulting from the washing process. The relevance of this research to environmental matters is emphasized through the parameters chosen, which reveal the influence of aging on polyester fabric characteristics and the contamination detected in wash wastewater. In conclusion, several avenues for future research have been identified, including lowering washing temperatures, choosing more appropriate detergents, and adjusting standard washing protocols.
Ključne besede: polyester fabric, artificial aging, washing process, wastewater, defragmentation
Objavljeno v DKUM: 20.12.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 4
Celotno besedilo (56,87 MB)
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Opis: Proizvodnja osebne varovalne opreme (OVO) v zadnjih letih izredno hitro narašča. K tej rasti je zagotovo prispevala pandemija bolezni COVID-19, ki pa ni edini razlog za izredno hitro rast tega sektorja. Po podatkih številnih analitičnih hiš bo trg OVO do leta 2028 imel več kot 60 % rast v primerjavi z letom 2020. Z večanjem proizvodnje OVO, pa se večajo tudi količine tega tipa odpadka in s tem pritisk na prevzemnike odpadkov. Glede na to, da gre pri zaščitnih kirurških maskah (ZKM), za enega najbolj razširjenih kosov OVO, ki ima izredno kratek čas uporabe in je njegova življenjska pot izredno linearno naravnana, so v tej doktorski disertaciji bili analizirani vplivi tega kosa OVO na okolje in predstavljene možnosti recikliranja tega materiala v večvrednostne materiale. Opravljena je bila raziskava rokovanja Slovencev z ZKM v kateri je bilo ugotovljeno, da je v prvem letu pandemije v Sloveniji bilo uporabljenih več kot 344 milijonov kosov ZKM. Prav tako je bila opravljena ocena odpadka in ocena vpliva ZKM na okolje, kadar so te nepravilno odložene. Dokazano je bilo, da so materiali zastopani v ZKM izredno primerni za postopke mehanskega recikliranja. Z namenom zagotavljanja večvrednosti končnega reciklata, so reciklatu ZKM bila dodana naravna polnila. Izbrana so bila polnila na osnovi celuloze in hitozana, saj gre za najbolj razširjena naravna polimera. Med polnili na osnovi celuloze so bili uporabljeni celulozni nanokristali, celulozne nanofibrile in kvaternizirane celulozne nanofibrile, med tem ko sta med hitozani bila uporabljena hitozan z nizko molekulsko maso in kvaterniziran hitozan. Večina polnil, je izkazala pozitiven vpliv na mehanske lastnosti reciklata, saj so nekatera povečala elastičnost reciklata tudi do 100%. Izvedene so bile številne analize površine. Te analize so med drugim pokazale, da prisotnost vseh polnil izkazuje dvig hidrofobnosti materiala, obe kvaternizirani polnili, pa v prisotnosti več kot 10 % izkazujeta tudi zelo dobro antibakterijsko delovanje reciklata, na gram + bakterije Staphylococcus aureus.
Ključne besede: zaščitne kirurške maske, mehansko recikliranje, večvrednostno recikliranje, naravna polnila, polimerni kompozit
Objavljeno v DKUM: 29.11.2024; Ogledov: 0; Prenosov: 51
Celotno besedilo (8,65 MB)

Opis: This study investigates the wash resistance of polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan, a biopolymer known for its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability and environmentally friendly properties. The interaction of chitosan with synthetic polymers, such as polyester, often requires surface treatment due to the weak natural affinity between the two materials. To improve the interaction and stability of chitosan on polyester, alkaline hydrolysis of the polyester fabric was used as a surface treatment method. The effectiveness of using cross-linking agents 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in combination with ammonium persulphate (APS) to improve the stability of chitosan on polyester during washing was investigated. The wash resistance of polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan was tested after 1, 5 and 10 washes with a standard ECE detergent. Staining tests were carried out to evaluate the retention of chitosan on the fabric. The results showed that polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan without cross-linkers exhibited better wash resistance than the fabrics treated with crosslinkers.
Ključne besede: polyster, functionalization, chitosan, cross-linkers, stability, washing
Objavljeno v DKUM: 10.09.2024; Ogledov: 55; Prenosov: 15
Celotno besedilo (17,25 MB)
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