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1.
2.
Assessing energy potential and chemical composition of food waste thermodynamic conversion products: a literature review
Andreja Škorjanc, Darko Goričanec, Danijela Urbancl, 2024, original scientific article

Abstract: This study examines the considerable volume of food waste generated annually in Slovenia, which amounted to over 143,000 tons in 2020. The analysis shows that 40% of food waste consists of edible parts, highlighting the potential for reduction through increased consumer awareness and attitudes towards food consumption. The study shows that the consumption phase contributes the most to waste food (46%), followed by primary production (25%) and processing/manufacture (24%). The study addresses various thermodynamic processes, in particular, thermal conversion methods, such as torrefaction pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, which optimize energy potential by reducing the atomic ratio (H/C) and (O/C), thereby increasing calorific value and facilitating the production of solid fuels. The main results show the effectiveness of torrefaction, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in increasing the energy potential of food waste.
Keywords: energy, thermodynamic conversions, pyrolysis, torrefaction, hydrothermal carbonization, food waste, energy potential, chemical composition
Published in DKUM: 28.08.2024; Views: 53; Downloads: 14
.pdf Full text (591,41 KB)

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Application of gas condensing boilers in domestic heating
Marija Živić, Antun Galović, Jurij Avsec, Antun Barac, 2019, original scientific article

Abstract: A growing number of households have had condensing boilers built in to be used for the heating of spaces and for the hot water supply. The use of condensing boilers is justified from the point of view of energy because they achieve higher thermal efficiency than traditional boilers. Condensation of water vapour occurs in the flue gases, whereby the heat released by condensation is used to heat the water in the boiler. How much water vapour will condense depends on the temperature to which the flue gases are cooled. In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of thirteen built-in gas condensing boilers was performed; data on the flue gas composition and temperature, as well as on the excess air required for combustion were obtained for that purpose. The calculation results consisting of the amount of condensed water, the thermal efficiency of the boiler, and the volume flow rates of the air and fuel are presented in tables. The analysis identified the cases in which the water vapour condensation occurred and determined the amount of the condensed water. The cases without water vapour condensation were also identified.
Keywords: gas condensing boilers, thermodynamic analysis, thermal efficiency of the boiler
Published in DKUM: 22.02.2024; Views: 281; Downloads: 26
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5.
Evolution of chemically induced cracks in alkali feldspar: thermodynamic analysis
Rainer Abart, Elena Petrishcheva, Gerlinde Habler, Christoph Sutter, Franz Dieter Fischer, Jožef Predan, Marko Kegl, Franz G. Rammerstorfer, 2022, original scientific article

Abstract: A system of edge cracks was applied to polished (010) surfaces of K-rich gem-quality alkali feldspar by diffusion-mediated cation exchange between oriented feldspar plates and a Na-rich NaCl–KCl salt melt. The cation exchange produced a Na-rich layer at and beneath the specimen surface, and the associated strongly anisotropic lattice contraction lead to a tensile stress state at the specimen surface, which induced fracturing. Cation exchange along the newly formed crack flanks produced Na-enriched diffusion halos around the cracks, and the associated lattice contraction and tensile stress state caused continuous crack growth. The cracks nucleated with non-uniform spacing on the sample surface and quickly attained nearly uniform spacing below the surface by systematic turning along their early propagation paths. In places, conspicuous wavy cracks oscillating several times before attaining their final position between the neighboring cracks were produced. It is shown that the evolution of irregularly spaced towards regularly spaced cracks including the systematic turning and wavyness along the early propagation paths maximizes the rate of free energy dissipation in every evolutionary stage of the system. Maximization of the dissipation rate is suggested as a criterion for selection of the most probable evolution path for a system undergoing chemically induced diffusion mediated fracturing in an anisotropic homogeneous brittle material.
Keywords: chemically induced fracturing, alkali feldspar, crack spacing, wavy cracks, dissipation rate, thermodynamic extremal principle
Published in DKUM: 17.07.2023; Views: 299; Downloads: 31
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6.
High-Perssure process design for polymer treatment and heat transfer enhancement
Gregor Kravanja, 2018, doctoral dissertation

Abstract: The doctoral thesis presents the design of several high-pressure processes involving »green solvents« so-called supercritical fluids for the eco-friendly and sustainable production of new products with special characteristics, fewer toxic residues, and low energy consumption. The thesis is divided into three main parts: polymer processing and formulation of active drugs, measurements of transport properties form pendant drop geometry, and study of heat transfer under supercritical conditions. In the first part, special attention is given to using biodegradable polymers in particle size reduction processes that are related to pharmaceutical applications for controlled drug release. The PGSSTM micronization process was applied to the biodegradable carrier materials polyoxyethylene stearyl ether (Brij 100 and Brij 50) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) for the incorporation of the insoluble drugs nimodipine, fenofibrate, o-vanillin, and esomeprazole with the purpose of improving their bioavailability and dissolution rate. In order to optimize and design micronization process, preliminary transfer and thermodynamic experiments of water-soluble carriers (Brij and PEG)/ SCFs system were carried out. It was observed that a combination of process parameters, including particle size reduction and interactions between drugs and hydrophilic carriers, contributed to enhancing the dissolution rates of precipitated solid particles. In the second part, a new optimized experimental setup based on pendant drop tensiometry was developed and a mathematical model designed to fit the experimental data was used to determine the diffusion coefficients of binary systems at elevated pressures and temperatures. Droplet geometry was examined by using a precise computer algorithm that fits the Young–Laplace equation to the axisymmetric shape of a drop. The experimental procedure was validated by a comparison of the experimental data for the water-CO2 mixture with data from the literature. For the first time, interfacial tension of CO2 saturated solution with propylene glycol and diffusion coefficients of propylene glycol in supercritical CO2 at temperatures of 120°C and 150°C in a pressure range from 5 MPa, up to 17.5 MPa were measured. Additionally, the drop tensiometry method was applied for measuring systems that are of great importance in carbon sequestration related applications. The effect of argon as a co-contaminant in a CO2 stream on the interfacial tension, diffusion coefficients, and storage capacity was studied. In the third part, comprehensive investigation into the heat transfer performance of CO2, ethane and their azeotropic mixture at high pressures and temperatures was studied. A double pipe heat exchanger was developed and set up to study the effects of different operating parameters on heat transfer performance over a wide range of temperatures (25 °C to 90 °C) and pressures (5 MPa to 30 MPa). Heat flux of supercritical fluids was measured in the inner pipe in the counter-current with water in the outer pipe. For the first time, the heat transfer coefficients (HTC) of supercritical CO2, ethane and their azeotropic mixture in water loop have been measured and compared. A brief evaluation is provided of the effect of mass flux, heat flux, pressure, temperature and buoyancy force on heat transfer coefficients. Additionally, to properly evaluate the potential and the performance of azeotropic mixture CO2-ethane, the coefficients of performance (COP) were calculated for the heat pump working cycle and compared to a system containing exclusively CO2.
Keywords: supercritical fluids, PGSSTM, formulation of active drugs, biodegradable polymers, transport and thermodynamic data, pendant drop method, carbon sequestration, heat transfer coefficients
Published in DKUM: 28.05.2018; Views: 1682; Downloads: 246
.pdf Full text (5,51 MB)

7.
The calculation of the thermodynamical properties in the liquid-gas region
Jurij Avsec, Milan Marčič, 1999, original scientific article

Abstract: The paper features the mathematical model of computing phase diagrams and thermodynamic functions of the state in the liquid, gas and two phase domain with the help of statistical thermodynamics. The paper features all important contributions (translation, rotation, internal rotation, vibration, intermolecular potential energy and influenceof electron and nuclei excitation). To calculate the thermodynamic properties of real gases we developed the cluster theory, which yields better results than the classical virial equation. For the realm of real liquids the Johnson-Zollweg-Gubbins model basedon the modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin eqution was applied. The Lennard-Jones intermolecular was used. The analytical resulats are compared with the thermodynamical data and models obtained by classical thermodynamics and show relatively good agreement.
Keywords: thermodynamic, statistical thermodynamic, liquid-gas, thermodynamic properties
Published in DKUM: 10.07.2015; Views: 1036; Downloads: 93
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8.
Calculation of thermophysical and thermochemical properties during hydrocarbon combustion
Jurij Avsec, Franc Zgaga, Milan Marčič, 2002, original scientific article

Abstract: A mathematical model is presented for computing the chemical and thermophysical properties in the process of combustion of natural gas. To identify the parameters of state of combustion products, their composition hasto be known, which may be determined from chemical equilibrium. The computation is performed with the use of chemical potentials and statistical thermodynamics, featuring all important molecular contributions (translation, rotation, vibration, and intermolecular potential energy). A thermal equation of state with two virial terms is used. The real gas mixture is treated as consisting of four components: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and water. Virial coefficients are dependent on temperature and mole fractions of the real components. Mixed terms are taken into account. The caloric equation of state is based on statistical thermodynamics for an ideal gas. Corrections are made in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics and the thermal equation of state. As the whole computation is based on matrix algebra, increasing the number of components presents no problems. We tested our model in the high-pressure region (100 bar) and the low-pressure region (1 bar), in the temperature range 500 - 6000°K. Our model is compared with other analytical models presented in the literature and shows relatively good agreement. At the same time we tested the influence of real conditions on the chemical and thermophysical properties of combustion products.
Keywords: statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamical properties, combustion of natural gas, mathematical models, thermodynamic functions of state, equation of state, virial coefficients
Published in DKUM: 01.06.2012; Views: 2380; Downloads: 122
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9.
Estimation of solid solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide: Peng-Robinson adjustable binary parameters in the near critical region
Mojca Škerget, Zorka Novak-Pintarič, Željko Knez, Zdravko Kravanja, 2002, original scientific article

Abstract: The density dependence of the binary parameters of the Peng-Robinson equation of state in near the critical region was examined. Published solubility data of eight compounds in pure CO2 have been fitted to the Peng-Robinson equation in combination with one and two parameters van der Waals mixing rules and in combination with the three parameter density dependent mixing rule of Mohamed and Holder. A systematic study has been done to determine the influence of different terms in the mixing rules. In order to obtain density dependence, binary parameters were calculated for each isotherm at particular experimental point separately in the way to equalise experimental and calculated solubility data. The system was formulated as an equation-oriented model and solved by means of a nonlinear programming optimisation algorithm. For all compounds the binary interaction parameters thus obtained were found to vary strongly with pressure in the range from 75 bar to approximately 150 bar, i.e. near the critical end point (CEP) of the low temperature branch of the three phase solid-liquid-gas (SLG) curve. At higher pressures, the parameter is practically independent on pressure. In general, for the systems investigated, kij increases linearly with increasing density and reaches a constant value at higher densities in the range from 700 to 800 kg/m3, depending on the system under investigation.
Keywords: solid liquid equilibria, equation of state, mixing rules, binary parameters, near critical region, nonlinear programming, thermodynamic model, supercritical fluids, CO2, solubility
Published in DKUM: 01.06.2012; Views: 2331; Downloads: 121
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10.
Statistical approach to calculate thermodynamic properties for propane
Jurij Avsec, K. A... Watanabe, 2005, original scientific article

Abstract: The paper describes a mathematical model to compute equilibrium thermodynamic properties in the fluid phase of pure hydrocarbons with the aid of classical thermodynamics and statistical associating chain theories. In the present paper thermodynamic properties for propane, as an example of hydrocarbon substances, are calculated. To calculate the thermodynamic properties of real fluids, models based on the Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential were applied. To calculate the thermodynamic properties of real fluids with the aid of classical thermodynamics, Miyamoto-Watanabe (MW) equations, developed in terms of the Helmholtz energy were used. Analytical results obtained by statistical thermodynamics are compared with the MW model and show relatively good agreement.
Keywords: statistical thermodynamics, propane, thermodynamic properties, SAFT model, chain theory
Published in DKUM: 01.06.2012; Views: 1921; Downloads: 87
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