1. The role of oxidative stress in kidney injuryNejc Piko, Sebastjan Bevc, Radovan Hojs, Robert Ekart, 2023, review article Abstract: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in the developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients with acute kidney injury are at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. One of kidney injury’s most common clinical sequelae is increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In recent years, new insights into the pathophysiology of renal damage have been made. Oxidative stress is the imbalance favoring the increased generation of ROS and/or reduced body’s innate antioxidant defense mechanisms and is of pivotal importance, not only in the development and progression of kidney disease but also in understanding the enhanced cardiovascular risk in these patients. This article summarizes and emphasizes the role of oxidative stress in acute kidney injury, various forms of chronic kidney disease, and also in patients on renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and after kidney transplant). Additionally, the role of oxidative stress in the development of drug-related nephrotoxicity and also in the development after exposure to various environmental and occupational pollutants is presented.
Keywords: acute kidney injury, acute tubular necrosis, chronic kidney disease, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species
Published in DKUM: 19.03.2024; Views: 210; Downloads: 45
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2. Protective role of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins against age-related oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitusMaša Čater, Lidija Križančić Bombek, 2022, review article Abstract: The accumulation of oxidative damage to DNA and other biomolecules plays an important role in the etiology of aging and age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is especially sensitive to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the accumulation of mtDNA damage impairs normal cellular function and leads to a bioenergetic crisis that accelerates aging and associated diseases. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction decreases ATP production, which directly affects insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and triggers the gradual development of the chronic metabolic dysfunction that characterizes T2D. At the same time, decreased glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle due to mitochondrial damage leads to prolonged postprandial blood glucose rise, which further worsens glucose homeostasis. ROS are not only highly reactive by-products of mitochondrial respiration capable of oxidizing DNA, proteins, and lipids but can also function as signaling and effector molecules in cell membranes mediating signal transduction and inflammation. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of various tissues can be activated by ROS to protect cells from mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial UCPs facilitate the reflux of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the matrix, thereby dissipating the proton gradient required for oxidative phosphorylation. There are five known isoforms (UCP1-UCP5) of mitochondrial UCPs. UCP1 can indirectly reduce ROS formation by increasing glutathione levels, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure. In contrast, UCP2 and UCP3 regulate fatty acid metabolism and insulin secretion by beta cells and modulate insulin sensitivity. Understanding the functions of UCPs may play a critical role in developing pharmacological strategies to combat T2D. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the protective role of various UCP homologs against age-related oxidative stress in T2D.
Keywords: uncoupling proteins, reactive oxygen species, aging, age-related diseases, diabetes
Published in DKUM: 23.08.2023; Views: 467; Downloads: 46
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3. An Insight into the defense mechanisms and the role of glutathione during advanced ZYMV infection in Styrian oil pumpkinAndreja Urbanek Krajnc, Maria Müller, 2006, original scientific article Keywords: Cucurbita pepo, Styrian oil pumpkin, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, reactive oxygen species, systemic acquired resistance, glutathione, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, salicylic acid, somatic embryogenesis, virus tolerance
Published in DKUM: 10.07.2015; Views: 1487; Downloads: 44
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