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A comparison of the tolerance analysis methods in the open-loop assembly
P. Kosec, Stanko Škec, Daniel Miler, 2020, original scientific article

Abstract: Dimensional and geometric tolerances affect both the cost and the functionality of a given product. Finding the acceptable trade-off between the two is among the common engineering tasks. Thus, many tolerance analysis methods are developed to help engineers and assist in the decision-making process. In this article, the authors have assessed four tolerance analysis methods by applying them to the open-loop assembly. The results obtained by the tolerance chart (worst-case) method, Monte-Carlo simulation, vector-loop analysis, and the Unified Jacobian-torsor model were analysed and compared. Additionally, the overview and application guidelines are included for each of the methods, aiming to help both researchers and practitioners. The results have confirmed that there are significant variations in the outputs across the observed methods, implying the need for informed method selection.
Keywords: assembly, product design process, open-loop assembly, tolerance analysis, computer aided tolerancing, tolerance chart analysis, Unified Jacobian-torsor model, Monte Carlo method, vector-loop analysis, optimisation methods
Published in DKUM: 12.01.2026; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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Product assembly assistance system based on pick-to-light and computer vision technology
Darko Hercog, Primož Bencak, Uroš Vincetič, Tone Lerher, 2022, original scientific article

Abstract: Product assembly is often one of the last steps in the production process. Product assembly is often carried out by workers (assemblers) rather than robots, as it is generally challenging to adapt automation to any product. When assembling complex products, it can take a long time before the assembler masters all the steps and can assemble the product independently. Training time has no added value; therefore, it should be reduced as much as possible. This paper presents a custom-developed system that enables the guided assembly of complex and diverse products using modern technologies. The system is based on pick-to-light (PTL) modules, used primarily in logistics as an additional aid in the order picking process, and Computer Vision technology. The designed system includes a personal computer (PC), several custom-developed PTL modules and a USB camera. The PC with a touchscreen visualizes the assembly process and allows the assembler to interact with the system. The developed PC application guides the operator through the assembly process by showing all the necessary assembly steps and parts. Two-step verification is used to ensure that the correct part is picked out of the bin, first by checking that the correct pushbutton on the PTL module has been pressed and second by using a camera with a Computer Vision algorithm. The paper is supported by a use case demonstrating that the proposed system reduces the assembly time of the used product. The presented solution is scalable and flexible as it can be easily adapted to show the assembly steps of another product.
Keywords: product assembly, PTL, pick-to-light, computer vision, LabVIEW, performance analysis
Published in DKUM: 31.07.2023; Views: 493; Downloads: 37
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