1. Children's right to privacy in the virtual world of appsSuzana Kraljić, Ema Turnšek, 2025, independent scientific component part or a chapter in a monograph Abstract: The world has become increasingly globalized, with the exchange of goods and services spanning continents, often leading to clashes between differently regulated legal systems. A prominent example of such a conflict arises in the context of digital health applications and the processing of personal data within them. Although in the sense of human rights, the rights to privacy and data protection are guaranteed to every person with numerous national and international legal acts, and secondary law and sectoral legislation that delves into this field. In Europe, personal health data are mainly regulated with GDPR, whereas in US the field is fragmented and regulated by sectoral regulations. The issue occurs when we deal with the protection of personal health data in the virtual world of health apps, which in the US remains in the grey zone without proper legal safeguards. US HIPAA, which governs personal health data at the federal level, does not protect all data provided to a health app, not even data provided to unlicensed counsel offering services through it.
Keywords: child's privacy, age limitation, informed consent, personal data and health applications, digitalisation
Published in DKUM: 17.11.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 4
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2. Protection of workers in relation to the use of artificial intelligence in the workplaceAsja Lešnik, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on all stages of the employment relationship and analyses whether the current legal framework adequately protects workers from the risks posed by the use of AI in the workplace. The focus is on Slovenian labour law, while also considering relevant international and EU legal sources such as the AI Act, the Directive on Improving Working Conditions in Platform Work, the GDPR, and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The author addresses legal challenges including discrimination, data protection, privacy, occupational safety and health, and liability for damages. The article finds that while some protective mechanisms already exist, none of the analysed legal sources comprehensively regulate AI use in employment relationships. To ensure effective worker protection, the author argues for either the amendment of current laws or the adoption of dedicated legislation. Since AI will play an even more significant role in Labour Law in the future, it is crucial for the law to adapt in a timely manner to the new challenges posed by AI.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, algorithmic management, automation of work processes, discrimination, data protection, privacy protection, occupational safety and health, liability, worker protection, legal framework
Published in DKUM: 02.10.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 10
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3. A comprehensive survey on integration of machine learning with secure blockchain-based applicationsChahna Meka, Keerthi Reddy Palakollu, Maria Azees, Arun Sekar Rajasekaran, Ashok Kumar Das, Marko Hölbl, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Machine learning (ML) is a critical technology that provides pervasive intelligence for the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling smart decision and automation. Meanwhile, Blockchain has emerged as a reliable, secure, decentralized and distributed network with applications in a variety of sectors like healthcare, insurance, finance, banking, and business. The integration of blockchain and ML may further enhance security, optimize data processing and ensure intelligent automation. The linkage of blockchain technology with ML aims to safeguard the privacy of ML models by executing blockchain transparency functions. However, maintaining the integrity of ML models and optimizing blockchain process are challenging. The integration in this work aims to solve challenges like security vulnerability, scalability and computational efficiency. Integration enables automation through smart contracts, enabling secure decision making while preserving data integrity and supporting auditing tasks. Moreover, the security benefits of blockchain networks result from anomaly detection technologies enabled by ML that detects fraudulent activities while defending blockchain networks from security threats. This work presents an organized approach to examine contemporary blockchain-ML research developments, analysis of applications based on the integration of blockchain and ML, technical aspects of Integration and its case studies. Finally, integration with respect to industry focus, followed by open challenges and research problems in ML-based blockchain technology, future directions and emerging trends are discussed in this survey.
Keywords: machine learning, blockchain, artificial intelligence, security, privacy, regression
Published in DKUM: 05.09.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 3
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4. The protection of sensitive personal data and privacy in the US and EU with a focus on health data circulating through health appsEma Turnšek, Suzana Kraljić, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: In today’s modern world, we have more than one global actor leading the economy and rapid technological development. The article focuses specifically on the right to sensitive data protection, or more broadly the right to privacy, in American and in EU legal system. This paper shows distinctions between the two and systematically demonstrates the protection of personal data in EU through years. Exploring these distinctions and different interpretations of the right to data protection is significant, because of the potential impacts on the consumer in particular, possibly resulting in being granted different rights when acquiring services in the EU or America. We will also analyse the fundamental legal acts, which are the cornerstones of data privacy. As its main focus, the article will also examine the provisions concerning sensitive personal data, in particular health data. Furthermore, the article will study some specific concerns in connection to the American smart phone, smartwatch and computer health apps that are not fully compliant with basic EU legal principles, human rights or the General Data Protection Regulation. While the technology is so advanced and users may access these apps from anywhere across the world, such apps, and their privacy policies or other typical contracts, should comply with the relevant legislation, valid in the state of user’s nationality or remaining. The paper examines and substantiates the latter through two recent cases. In one, data breaches were punished by imposing a relatively high fine, and in the other case example, no punitive action was yet taken. That being said, the article argues the insufficient data protection framework that does not necessarily provide a consumer with appropriate safeguards, which is especially relevant in cases of transmission of personal health data.
Keywords: data protection, privacy, sensitive Data, EU vs. US Legal Systems, health Data
Published in DKUM: 29.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 10
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5. Cessante ratione legis, cessat ipsa lex? : data and privacy protection in the digitized energy sector amidst green and digital transformation processesZoran Dimović, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: The ex ante regulation of green and digital transformation processes is set to significantly impact personal data and privacy protection in the digitalized energy sector. Although the drive for digitization aligns with EU values, goals, and objectives, it does not inherently ensure compliance with fundamental human rights. While general rules for personal data and privacy protection are sufficiently flexible to allow for appropriate interpretation, implementing sector-specific human rights regulations would enhance legal certainty. This is particularly crucial given the heightened sensitivity of the electricity sector compared to natural gas or heat. The observed lack of standardization in the digitalization of the energy sector is likely to become even more pronounced with the continued development of digital technologies. This increasing complexity underscores the need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks that address both the opportunities and challenges presented by the green and digital transformation. These considerations have significant implications for policymakers, academics, and legal practitioners. Understanding and addressing these issues is essential for ensuring that the transformation processes in the energy sector are conducted in a manner that respects personal data and privacy protection while advancing sustainable and digital innovation. The development of robust and specific regulations will be key to balancing these objectives and ensuring the protection of fundamental human rights in an increasingly digitalized energy landscape.
Keywords: data protection, digitized energy sector, energy law, EU core values, green and digital transformation, privacy protection, public law
Published in DKUM: 29.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 9
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6. Customer perception of technologies for new-generation web shops – preliminary study : XIV.Tamara Križnjak, Simona Sternad Zabukovšek, Samo Bobek, 2025, independent scientific component part or a chapter in a monograph Abstract: This paper investigates emerging technological trends in web commerce and examines user perceptions through a pilot survey. Key innovations include IoT, AI, ML, chatbots, social and voice commerce, as well as immersive technologies like AR and VR. These tools enhance personalization, automate services, and support better consumer decision-making. The pilot study, based on an online questionnaire, explores user behaviour, expectations, and attitudes toward these developments. Results show that while users are familiar with technologies like chatbots and personalization, awareness of AR and VR remains low. Concerns about security and data privacy significantly influence user trust. The findings highlight the need for seamless technological integration, increased user education, and transparent communication to build trust and improve the digital shopping experience.
Keywords: web commerce, e-commerce trends, internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), chatbots, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), voice commerce, user perception, digital transformation, data privacy
Published in DKUM: 29.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 7
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7. Proposed law for the European health data space in contextFilip Křepelka, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Analysing electronic health records could improve medicine, but personal data protection impedes this research. The European Health Data Space shall unleash these data. The focus now shifts on how best to balance this effort while at the same time protecting patients' privacy and autonomy. Still, we need to address the reality. Research on images, laboratory results and prescriptions will be easy, as they are electronic. However, the written core of health records is not structured, and establishing summaries for all patients is challenging. Regulations instead of directives are a laudable solution to help simplify the situation. Nonetheless, new challenges emerge with the co-existence of supranational and national frameworks if the former is to have far-reaching ambitions.
Keywords: healthcare, privacy, health records, EU integration, COVID-19
Published in DKUM: 28.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 6
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8. Legal difficulties associated with the use of big data in healthcare : civil law and cyberlaw reviewDiyora Imamalieva, Elnora Inamdjanova, Mukhammad Ali Turdialiev, Akmaljon Akramov, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Current trends suggest a future in which big data can be used to predict individual health risks and outcomes with exceptional accuracy. By analyzing large datasets that include various health indicators, algorithms can predict the onset of disease, allowing for early intervention and personalized treatment plans. However, the legal and ethical implications of predictive health analytics, such as potential misuse of predictive information or unfair discrimination based on health risks, require careful consideration. In terms of global health surveillance, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential of big data to track the spread of disease and inform public health responses.
Keywords: COVID-19, data ownership, GDPR, medical data, privacy law
Published in DKUM: 28.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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9. The right to privacy and data protection in European healthcare systems with an emphasis on the relevant case law and European legislationEma Turnšek, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Are personal data and information, which we trust entirely to healthcare systems, sufficiently protected? The article deals with the crossroads of law and medicine, specifically at the point where the right to data protection of a patient is being breached or insufficiently protected by law. In this regard, we have to first learn what is the actual scope of person’s right to (medical) data protection and second, understand when is that breached. The article analyses the origin of data protection and its historical development to find its core meaning. Further, it seeks the limits of data protection’s scope with the content of other related rights. With a comprehensive overview of European case law, the article exposes some serious violations of individual’s right to (medical) data protection.
Keywords: right to dignity, right to privacy, right to data protection, fundamental human rights, medical data protection
Published in DKUM: 28.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 4
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10. Abortion from countries A to U : a comparative analysis of abortion laws and attitudes in America and UzbekistanThomas Allan Heller, Dilsuz Ziyirova Abdijalilovna, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: This paper compares and analyses abortion laws in the United States, one of the world’s oldest democracies, to those in Uzbekistan, an ancient middle Asian country that gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The authors examine both the United States and Uzbekistan constitutions and other laws regulating abortion and other reproductive rights. Regarding the United States, it tracks key abortion decisions from the Supreme Court. The authors also explore general attitudes about abortion and reproductive rights in both countries.
Keywords: reproductive rights, right to privacy, right to contraceptives, abortion, comparative law
Published in DKUM: 28.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 4
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