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Abstract: Additive manufacturing of metallic parts is increasing in popularity and starting to emerge as a new competitive manufacturing process. Printed structures from Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, produced by electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM), possess columnar prior β grains and layer bands, alongside an ultrafine lamellar microstructure, which is prone to low ductility and thus requiring thermal post-processing. Several heat treatments were performed in α + β and β field, in one or multiple stages. The results showed that bi-lamellar microstructure can be obtained, and that selection of annealing temperature and cooling rate determines the morphology, thickness, and distribution of both primary and secondary α features. Mechanical properties were evaluated on three selected heat treatments. Annealing of the As-built condition was performed at 710°C (HT1) and 870°C (HT2), resulting in lamellar microstructure with basketweave morphology. In two-stage heat treatment (HT3), the temperature in the first stage has exceeded β transus, while in the second, annealing was performed again at 870°C. The microstructure was characterized as a mixture of lamellar and bi-lamellar with large α colonies inside the rearranged prior β grains. Air cooling was performed in all HT from the final annealing stage. Strength and hardness have decreased with increasingly coarser microstructural features, while fracture toughness was improved, except in HT1, where the decrease in the fracture toughness was mainly attributed to reduced intrinsic toughening. As-built and HT1 conditions were effected by microstructural texture, causing inconsistent fracture morphology, reduced crack roughness and scattering in results. The influence of texture was decreased by coarser microstructure in HT2, while crack tortuosity was increased. Very unpredictable fracture behaviour was observed in HT3 due to large α colonies, as their orientation determines the areas of ductile or cleavage crack propagation.
Keywords: Titanium alloys, Ti-6Al-4V, additive manufacturing, EBAM, heat treatments, microstructural optimization, mechanical properties, fracture toughness
Published in DKUM: 11.05.2020; Views: 1834; Downloads: 282
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Abstract: The paper presents a model of designing of the flexible manufacturing system (FMS) in one or multiple rows with genetic algorithms (GAs). First the reasons for studying the layout of devices in the FMS are discussed. After studying the properties of the FMS and perusing the methods of layout designing the genetic algorithms methods was selected as the most suitable method for designing the FMS. The genetic algorithm model, the most suitable way of coding the solutions into the organisms and the selected evolutionary and genetic operators are presented. In the model, the automated guided vehicles (AGVs) for transport between components of the FMS were used. In this connection, the most favourable number of rows and the sequence of devices in the individual row are established by means of genetic algorithms. In the end the test results of the application made and the analysis are discussed.
Keywords: flexible manufacturing systems, facility layout, optimization, genetic algorithms
Published in DKUM: 01.06.2012; Views: 2046; Downloads: 103
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