1. Analysis of the relationship between smart cities, policing and criminal investigationKaja Prislan Mihelič, Boštjan Slak, 2018, original scientific article Abstract: Purpose:
The main objective is to present the symbiosis between smart cities, policing, criminal investigation and criminal intelligence. Moreover, another purpose is to critically address the underlying privacy concerns arising from smart city designs.
Design/Methods/Approach:
The paper is theoretical in scope and utilises a literature review as the basic method. Correlations between smart cities, policing and criminal investigations are identified by analysing the applicability of core smart city technologies and services [SCTS].
Findings:
It is evident that SCTS can influence policing styles and police effectiveness. SCTS hold great potential for criminal investigations and criminal intelligence as they provide information upon which police can develop investigations or crime-control strategies. Vice-versa, criminal investigations and criminal intelligence can provide guidelines for SCTS developers and the governance of smart cities. However, privacy concerns and the slowly developing regulatory framework remain the biggest issues when it comes to SCTS adoption, thus making measures to safeguard privacy a key factor for the legitimacy of smart cities and smart policing.
Practical Implications:
The paper introduces practical knowledge about the implications of smart cities for policing and crime investigation. Some research ideas are presented as well as suggestions for legislators, developers and others whose work area falls in the scope of (smart) city governance.
Originality/Value:
A comprehensive study of the symbiosis between smart cities and policing must not only consider the potential of SCTS but the related need to develop regulation and skillsets of human resources. Only a handful of papers address the connectivity of smart cities, criminal investigations and criminal intelligence from such a multidisciplinary scope. Therefore, the paper represents a contribution to works discussing these concepts.
Keywords: smart cities, safety and security provision, policing, criminal investigation, criminal intelligence
Published in DKUM: 20.04.2020; Views: 1325; Downloads: 75
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2. Specialization of criminal justice authorities in dealing with cybercrimeMilana Pisarić, 2015, review article Abstract: Purpose:
This paper deals with specialized cybercrime units within the criminal justice system as one of the key elements of proper response to cybercrime. The author emphasizes the need for the establishment and/or improvement of such an organization with specific powers within law enforcement and prosecution authorities as well as within courts, in order to tackle problematic issues raised by computer-related crimes, especially the ones concerning investigation and prosecution of offences committed against and/or by means of computer data and systems, and carrying out computer forensics with respect to electronic evidence in general.
Design/Methods/Approach:
The author analyses the relevant international legal framework and various national legislation chosen as examples of good practice in order to present the justification and purpose of specialization, types of specialized law enforcement units, their organization, functions, strategic and tactical responsibilities.
Findings:
Investigation and prosecution of cybercrime and forensic analysis of electronic evidence require specific skills within criminal justice authorities. Therefore, it is advisable to set up or consolidate police-type and prosecution-type cybercrime units with strategic and operational responsibilities and computer forensic capabilities within cybercrime units or as separate structures. As for judiciary, dealing with computer-related crimes requires particular knowledge and skills, and where it is compatible with the legal system of the respective country, the creation of specialized courts may be considered. In addition to the existing legal mechanisms for dealing with transnational crime, the creation of an international court or tribunal that would have jurisdiction over individuals who committed the most serious cybercrimes of global concern may also be a good solution in order to prevent serious cyber attacks from going unpunished.
Research Limitations / Implications:
The results presented in this paper are to be seen as de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime.
Originality/Value:
Despite the existence of a significant number of essays dealing with cybercrime, not many of them are concerned with tactical and procedural issues of investigation and prosecution of this specific kind of crimes. The results presented in this paper are de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime. Accordingly, the value of this paper may be recognized in the analysis of legal solutions regarding law enforcement and prosecution response to computer-related crime, with the emphasis on specialization of authorities involved.
Keywords: cybercrime, investigation, prosecution, court, specialization
Published in DKUM: 17.04.2020; Views: 1726; Downloads: 57
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3. Specialization of criminal justice in dealing with organized crime and juvenile delinquency in the Republic of SerbiaTatjana Bugarski, 2015, review article Abstract: Purpose:
This paper deals with specialized cybercrime units within the criminal justice system as one of the key elements of proper response to cybercrime. The author emphasizes the need for the establishment and/or improvement of such an organization with specific powers within law enforcement and prosecution authorities as well as within courts, in order to tackle problematic issues raised by computer-related crimes, especially the ones concerning investigation and prosecution of offences committed against and/or by means of computer data and systems, and carrying out computer forensics with respect to electronic evidence in general.
Design/Methods/Approach:
The author analyses the relevant international legal framework and various national legislation chosen as examples of good practice in order to present the justification and purpose of specialization, types of specialized law enforcement units, their organization, functions, strategic and tactical responsibilities.
Findings:
Investigation and prosecution of cybercrime and forensic analysis of electronic evidence require specific skills within criminal justice authorities. Therefore, it is advisable to set up or consolidate police-type and prosecution-type cybercrime units with strategic and operational responsibilities and computer forensic capabilities within cybercrime units or as separate structures. As for judiciary, dealing with computer-related crimes requires particular knowledge and skills, and where it is compatible with the legal system of the respective country, the creation of specialized courts may be considered. In addition to the existing legal mechanisms for dealing with transnational crime, the creation of an international court or tribunal that would have jurisdiction over individuals who committed the most serious cybercrimes of global concern may also be a good solution in order to prevent serious cyber attacks from going unpunished.
Research Limitations / Implications:
The results presented in this paper are to be seen as de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime.
Originality/Value:
Despite the existence of a significant number of essays dealing with cybercrime, not many of them are concerned with tactical and procedural issues of investigation and prosecution of this specific kind of crimes. The results presented in this paper are de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime. Accordingly, the value of this paper may be recognized in the analysis of legal solutions regarding law enforcement and prosecution response to computer-related crime, with the emphasis on specialization of authorities involved.
Keywords: cybercrime, investigation, prosecution, court, specialization
Published in DKUM: 16.04.2020; Views: 862; Downloads: 54
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4. Fuzzy-sets decision-support system for geotechnical site soundingsDjemalddine M. Boumezerane, Smaïn Belkacemi, Bojan Žlender, 2011, original scientific article Abstract: A geotechnical site investigation is an important and complex task that is generally carried out in two steps. The first step, consisting of preliminary soundings, guides the subsequent site characterization. The number of soundings required to adequately characterize a site is set on the basis of an engineering judgement following the preliminary investigation, this is affected by the geological context, the area topography, the project type, and the knowledge of the neighbouring areas. A fuzzy-sets decision-support system, considering parameters that affect the number of soundings required to adequately characterize a site, is proposed. Parameter uncertainties and a lack of information are also considered. On the basis of the available qualitative and quantitative information, the proposed fuzzy system makes it possible to estimate, for a common project, the number of site soundings required to adequately characterize the site. The cases presented show that a Fuzzy Inference System can be used as a systematic decision-support tool for engineers dealing with site characterizations.
Keywords: geotechnical investigation, soundings number, fuzzy sets, fuzzy inference, uncertainties
Published in DKUM: 13.06.2018; Views: 1042; Downloads: 226
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5. Methodology of an aircraft accident response system assessmentFranc Željko Županič, Maja Meško, Iztok Podbregar, 2012, original scientific article Abstract: The paper investigates the ability to learn from an aircraft accident as the opportunities for learning diminish with the decline in the accident rate. A safety compromising case is studied as the processes of aircraft accident intervention and recovery can degrade the ability of an aircraft accident investigation process to enhance aviation safety by revealing accident causation. In the case study an assessment of the Slovenian aircraft accident response system was made. For the purpose of evaluating the successfulness of aircraft accident intervention and effectiveness of recovery, a model of aircraft accident response system requirements has been developed. Based on non-conformances identified by the model of requirements, remedial measures are proposed for the enhancement of the aircraft accident response system operation. Criteria for the definition of the transition from accident intervention to recovery are derived from the assessment findings in a manner not to impede the aircraft accident investigation effectiveness and efficiency.
Keywords: aircraft accident, response system, intervention, recovery, investigation, crisis management
Published in DKUM: 02.06.2017; Views: 2132; Downloads: 566
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7. The issue of suggestibility in witness interviewing : graduation thesisTjaša Petek, 2014, undergraduate thesis Abstract: The interviewing of witnesses, victims and suspects normally forms an essential part of a police investigation into criminal activities. There are various factors that affect accuracy in the eyewitness testimonies, one of which are suggestive interviewing techniques (Williamson, 2007).
Suggestibility is a personality trait which is often referred to as a type of psychological vulnerability. Suggestibility can challenge the interviewee’s abilities to cope with the demands of the interview as well as the demands of following court procedures. It is due to these characteristics that suggestibility has an important impact on the outcome of the interview (Gudjonsson, 2010).
As shown through the work of Ridley and Gudjonsson (2013), there are several varieties of suggestibility and the effects of suggestive influence should be taken extremely seriously during investigations.
Our memories can be influenced and distorted in various ways because they are vulnerable and susceptible to decay, inner biases, social demands and expectations, leading questions, misleading information, conformity and mental disability. To support this, Bruck and Melnyk (2004) indicate that individual differences in the susceptibility to suggestibility make it harder to identify exactly where and when the effects of suggestibility are likely to manifest themselves. Reliable information about the types of people who are most likely to be tainted by suggestive interviewing has not been established yet and remains a subject for further research.
Keywords: suggestibility, witness interviews, criminal investigation, individual differences
Published in DKUM: 06.11.2014; Views: 1757; Downloads: 143
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