1. Free-market institutions and income inequality : did the link persist around the world even in times of falling within-country inequality, 2000–2021?Tibor Rutar, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: High or rising economic inequality can exacerbate political inequalities and is plausibly linked with some social harms, such as health problems and declines in happiness and trust. Within-country income inequality increased sharply across most of the world since the 1980s. One prominent critical sociological account of this occurrence points toward institutions of free-market capitalism, or “neoliberalism,” as a key cause that unleashed inequality during the globalization age. This article empirically operationalizes free-market institutions with the use of Fraser Institute’s index of economic freedom and examines the issue with fixed-effects regressions in a novel dataset of 130 countries between the years 2000 and 2021. It finds a substantial positive correlation between the two variables in the developing, though not the developed, world. This finding is robust to a variety of alternative specifications. Moreover, across specifications, modest size of government and freedom of international trade stand out as the two clear components of economic freedom driving the aggregate relationship. Finally, mediation analysis suggests there also exists an indirect ameliorative relationship between economic freedom and inequality through the conduit of economic development.
Keywords: economic freedom, free-market capitalism, income inequality, neoliberalism, capitalism
Published in DKUM: 08.10.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 0
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2. Tourism-driven economies and income disparity : insights from a regression discontinuity designZdravko Šergo, Jasmina Gržinić, Anita Ilak-Peršurić, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: This paper aims to answer two questions: (1) Does overtourism incline countries to favorise the capital asset holder instead of workers in income distribution? (2) Does income inequality come hand in hand with overtourism? Employing Kaldor's theory of income distribution, this study adapts its theoretical framework to assess countries with a specialization in tourism. The analysis encompasses data from 115 developed countries over the period of 2000 to 2019. A Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) methodology is utilized for the empirical investigation, categorizing key variables based on the exposure of a country's unit to a tourism-focused developmental strategy. The study reveals that adopting overtourism as a developmental strategy has led to increased inequality, characterized by a rising capital share and a declining labor share over time. Evidence supporting these findings is presented through both parametric and non-parametric Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) analyses. Robustness checks and placebo tests corroborate these results.
Keywords: overtourism, developmental strategy, income distribution, regression discontinuity design, economic inequality, RDD
Published in DKUM: 13.08.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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4. Sustainable business practices and the role of digital technologies : a cross-regional analysisSamuel Plečko, Barbara Bradač Hojnik, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: This study examines the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable
practices within enterprises against the backdrop of global transformative forces framed within
the holistic paradigm of systems thinking. It examines the extent to which digital advances either
facilitate or impede the sustainable development of companies, while also considering the systemic
impact of demographic variables (such as gender, age, education), national income levels, and
geographical regions on business sustainability. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
(GEM), which encompasses 26,790 entrepreneurs in 47 countries, this research uses multinomial
regression to assess how these factors influence companies’ commitment to social and environmental
goals. A key finding is that the strategic use of digital technologies in sales processes significantly
increases the likelihood that entrepreneurs will integrate social and environmental considerations
into their decision-making. Notably, this conscientious approach to business is most prevalent among
entrepreneurs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Our findings underscore the central role of digital
technologies in driving sustainable business transformation while also highlighting the significant
influence of regional socio-environmental contexts on business sustainability orientations.
Keywords: digital transformation, sustainable transformation, digitainability, demographic factors, country income, geographical regions, multinomial regression, Cramer’s V, enterprises
Published in DKUM: 10.07.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 3
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5. Taxpayers' attitudes toward tax compliance in the Slovenian tax system : differences according to gender, income level and size of settlementLidija Hauptman, Berislav Žmuk, Ivana Pavić, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Abstract This study investigates the relationship between certain economic and psychological factors and demographic characteristics of Slovene taxpayers, such as gender, income level and size of settlement as it is becoming important for a country’s tax compliance framework to align with the tax recommendations of global institutions. The results show some gender differences, with males being less likely to feel guilty or bad if taxes are not paid in full than females, whereas females tend to have the opinion that working for cash-in-hand payment without paying tax is not a trivial offence. Taxpayers with low incomes tend to agree that tax evasion is morally acceptable if tax rates are too high. Taxpayers from rural settlements exhibit a higher tendency to feel morally obligated to pay their taxes than taxpayers from urban settlements. The findings indicate that the vast majority of taxpayers feel morally obligated to pay their taxes.
Keywords: tax system, tax compliance, economic and psychological factors, gender, settlement size, income level
Published in DKUM: 01.07.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 5
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6. Determinants of income inequality in the selected group of European countries : a panel data analysisDarja Boršič, Simon Matej Podgoršek, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: The paper focuses on providing basic characteristics of income inequality in a group of selected European countries in the period from 2000 to 2019. After presenting stylized facts and brief literature review, the paper proceeds to empirical analysis of income inequality in the observed countries by panel data techniques. Fixed and random effects models are estimated. After Hausman test approved the usage of fixed effects model, it was tested for serial correlation and robust standard errors were calculated. The empirical analysis of the determinants of income inequality shows that GDP growth, share of population in upper 10% of income percentile, Human Development Index and unemployment rate increase income inequality measured by Gini index, while share of workforce and share of population with tertiary education decrease income inequality. The results of the empirical analysis provide insight into determinants of income inequality, which may be useful for economic policy decision makers in their efforts to decrease the income inequality.
Keywords: income inequality, Gini index, economic growth, panel analysis, fixed effects model
Published in DKUM: 30.06.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 7
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7. Economic inequality and the size of government expenditure shocks : an empirical exerciseMarko Senekovič, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Empirical literature explains the heterogeneity of fiscal multiplier
estimates through the analysis of various cyclical and structural
determinants of economies, with economic inequality, as one of the key
structural characteristics, receiving relatively little attention so far. In
this study, using a wide sample of countries and applying the vector
autoregression methodology, we first estimated fiscal multipliers and
the impact of fiscal stimuli on the dynamics of the price level. The
findings indicate that the estimated fiscal multipliers are mostly
positive, and fiscal stimuli tend to produce an inflationary effect.
Subsequently, we examined the variability in the size of fiscal
multipliers in relation to various indicators of income and wealth
inequality. The key findings of this study reveal that as economic
inequality increases, particularly in the context of income disparities,
the size of fiscal multipliers also rises. This insight is particularly
important for policymakers in designing appropriate fiscal measures in
an evolving macroeconomic environment.
Keywords: fiscal multiplier, income inequality, wealth inequality, VAR
Published in DKUM: 28.05.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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8. Analysis of personal income taxation determinants in Croatia in long run : evidence from cointegration analysisIrena Palić, Ksenija Dumičić, Barbara Grofelnik, 2017, original scientific article Abstract: Personal income taxation remains an ongoing issue in Croatia. It is used as an important instrument of income redistribution. Moreover, it directly affects purchasing power of the working population. Numerous changes have been made in this type of taxation since the establishment of Croatian tax system. The aim of this paper is to analyse possible determinants of personal income taxation in Croatia. After offering brief insight into public finance theory regarding personal income taxation, the structure of personal income taxation in Croatia is explained. The empirical analysis of the determinants of personal income taxation in Croatia is conducted using cointegration analysis. Economic conditions, average monthly wage, and number of taxpayers are used as determinants of personal income tax used in this research. The cointegration analysis is conducted using monthly data from January 2008 to February 2016. The results of the research show a statistically significant negative impact of economic conditions and statistically significant positive impact of average monthly wage and number of taxpayers on personal income taxation in long run, what is in line with economic and public finance theory.
Keywords: personal income taxation determinants, economic conditions, wages, number of taxpayers, johansen cointegration approach, Croatia
Published in DKUM: 03.05.2018; Views: 1260; Downloads: 289
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9. Agricultural households in mountain areas in pre- and post-accession SloveniaŠtefan Bojnec, Kristina Knific, 2010, review article Abstract: This paper analyses structural changes in agriculture and agricultural households in the mountainous areas of the Gorenjska region in Slovenia. The focus is on agricultural multifunctional roles, agricultural and agricultural households’ structural changes pre- and post-accession of Slovenia to the European Union (EU) on the basis of datasets obtained by two in-depth surveys from 2001 and 2007. The analyses confirm adjustments of farm households to the use of subsidies and new regulations, and diversification of agricultural households’ incomes. Short-term and long-term strategies of farm households vary depending on farms’ natural factor endowments for agriculture, farm size and structures of farm households, availability of agricultural land and their rental values, diversification of incomes with self-employment and employment outside the farm household.
Keywords: mountainous areas, agricultural structures, income diversification, household strategies, multifunctional development, Gorenjska, Slovenia, European Union
Published in DKUM: 29.03.2018; Views: 1010; Downloads: 104
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10. Tax policy and income inequality in the Visegrad countriesAnna Moździerz, 2015, original scientific article Abstract: The financialisation of economies is believed to be the primary cause of the increase in income inequality in the world, occurring on a scale unseen for more than 30 years. One can hypothesise that it is the state that is responsible for the widening inequality, as the state has not sufficiently used the redistributive function of taxation. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of tax policy on income inequality in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These so-called Visegrad countries have, in the last several years, carried out some controversial experiments with tax policy, specifically in terms of the flattening of tax progressivity or its replacement with a flat tax, which led to the weakening of the income adjustment mechanism. The imbalance between income tax and consumption tax has contributed to perpetuating income inequality. The verification of tax systems carried out during the recent financial crisis has forced the countries included in this research to implement tax reforms. The introduced changes caused various fiscal and redistributive effects. Analyses show that the changes in income taxation and an increase in the consumption tax rate had the most negative impact on the income and asset situation in Hungary.
Keywords: tax, tax policy, income inequality, Gini coefficient
Published in DKUM: 14.11.2017; Views: 1606; Downloads: 437
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