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Abstract: Geothermal energy, derived from the Earth’s internal heat, can be harnessed due to the geothermal gradient between the Earth’s interior and its surface. This heat, sustained by radiogenic decay, varies across regions, and is highest near volcanic areas. In 2020, 108 countries utilised geothermal energy, with an installed capacity of 15,950 MWe for electricity and 107,727 MWt for direct use in 2019. Low-enthalpy sources require binary systems for power production. Open-loop systems face issues like scaling, difficult water treatment, and potential seismicity, while closed-loop systems, using abandoned petroleum or gas wells, reduce costs and environmental impacts greatly. The novel geothermal gravity heat pipe (GGHP) design eliminates parasitic power consumption by using hydrostatic pressure for fluid circulation. Implemented in an abandoned well in north-east (NE) Slovenia, the GGHP uses a numerical finite difference method to model heat flow. The system vaporises the working fluid in the borehole, condenses it at the surface, and uses gravitational flow for circulation, maintaining efficient heat extraction. The model predicts that continuous maximum capacity extraction depletes usable heat rapidly. Future work will explore sustainable heat extraction and potential discontinuous operation for improved efficiency.
Keywords: geothermal energy, geothermal gravity heat pipe, numerical modelling, single well closed-loop heat exchanger
Published in DKUM: 03.09.2024; Views: 41; Downloads: 3
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Abstract: String and 5-brane junctions are shown to succinctly classify all known 8D N ¼ 1 string vacua. This requires an extension of the description for ordinary ½p; q-7-branes to consistently include O7þ planes, which then naturally encodes the dynamics of spn gauge algebras, including their p-form center symmetries. Central to this analysis are loop junctions, i.e., strings/5-branes which encircle stacks of 7-branes and O7þs. Loop junctions further signal the appearance of affine symmetries of emergent 9D descriptions at the 8D moduli space’s boundaries. Such limits reproduce all 9D string vacua, including the two disconnected rank (1,1) moduli components.
Keywords: 9D string vacua, 8D string vacua, anomalies, M-theory, Non-Abelian gauge theories, quantum gravity, string dualities, strings & branes, supergravity, Gauge symmetries
Published in DKUM: 22.09.2023; Views: 286; Downloads: 21
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Abstract: The piled retaining wall is a new type of railway retaining structure in China. In the current design, the retaining wall, the beam and the piles are assumed to be independent components. Both the mutual action of the retaining wall, the piles and beam, and the influence of the soil or rock foundation on the structure are not fully considered, so that there are some limitations in the current design method. In this paper, using field observations and a three-dimensional finite-element analysis, the lateral earth pressure on the wall back, the stress distributions and the forces of the reinforcements in the beam and the pile were studied. The simulation results were in good agreement with the field observation data. These results revealed that the tensile stresses were very small and that these stresses were positive in most zones in the beam and the pile. It can also be observed that the tensile stresses or forces in the beam and pile obtained in this study were much smaller than those obtained using the current design method. This clarified the fact that the current design method used for the beam and the pile was very conservative and that it should be optimized to consider the effect of the foundation on the whole structure and the interactions among the different components.
Keywords: piled gravity retaining wall, field observation, finite-element analysis, stress, load transfer mechanism
Published in DKUM: 11.06.2018; Views: 1156; Downloads: 88
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Abstract: We present three families of exact, cohomogeneity-one Einstein metrics in (2n + 2) dimensions, which are generalizations of the Stenzel construction of Ricci-flat metrics to those with a positive cosmological constant. The first family of solutions are Fubini-Study metrics on the complex projective spaces CPn+1, written in a Stenzel form, whose principal orbits are the Stiefel manifolds V-2(Rn+2) = SO(n+2)/SO(n) divided by Z(2). The second family are also Einstein-Kahler metrics, now on the Grassmannian manifolds G(2)(Rn+3) = SO(n+3)/((SO(n+1)xSO(2)), whose principal orbits are the Stiefel manifolds V-2(Rn+2) (with no Z(2) factoring in this case). The third family are Einstein metrics on the product manifolds Sn+1 x Sn+1, and are Kahler only for n = 1. Some of these metrics are believed to play a role in studies of consistent string theory compactifications and in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We also elaborate on the geometric approach to quantum mechanics based on the Kahler geometry of Fubini-Study metrics on CPn+1, and we apply the formalism to study the quantum entanglement of qubits.
Keywords: conformal field models, string theory, models of quantum gravity, differential geometry, algebraic geometry
Published in DKUM: 27.06.2017; Views: 1480; Downloads: 397
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Abstract: We construct the holographic dictionary for both running and constant dilaton solutions of the two dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory that is obtained by a circle reduction from Einstein-Hilbert gravity with negative cosmological constant in three dimensions. This specific model ensures that the dual theory has a well de fined ultraviolet completion in terms of a two dimensional conformal field theory, but our results apply qualitatively to a wider class of two dimensional dilaton gravity theories. For each type of solutions we perform holographic renormalization, compute the exact renormalized one-point functions in the presence of arbitrary sources, and derive the asymptotic symmetries and the corresponding conserved charges. In both cases we find that the scalar operator dual to the dilaton plays a crucial role in the description of the dynamics. Its source gives rise to a matter conformal anomaly for the running dilaton solutions, while its expectation value is the only non trivial observable for constant dilaton solutions. The role of this operator has been largely overlooked in the literature. We further show that the only non trivial conserved charges for running dilaton solutions are the mass and the electric charge, while for constant dilaton solutions only the electric charge is non zero. However, by uplifting the solutions to three dimensions we show that constant dilaton solutions can support non trivial extended symmetry algebras, including the one found by Comp ere, Song and Strominger [1], in agreement with the results of Castro and Song [2]. Finally, we demonstrate that any solution of this specific dilaton gravity model can be uplifted to a family of asymptotically AdS(2) x S-2 or conformally AdS(2) x S-2 solutions of the STU model in four dimensions, including non extremal black holes. The four dimensional solutions obtained by uplifting the running dilaton solutions coincide with the so called 'subtracted geometries', while those obtained from the uplift of the constant dilaton ones are new.
Keywords: 2D gravity, AdS-CFT correspondence, black holes, space-time symmetries
Published in DKUM: 27.06.2017; Views: 2986; Downloads: 387
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