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Abstract: Accusing the perpetrator of criminal responsibility makes sense only if he understands the significance of his actions. Since it is a generally accepted fact that children are not capable of developing culpable responsibility until a certain age, practically every criminal law in the world sets an age limit up to which criminal responsibility cannot be attributed to a child. Until a certain age, the child is not mentally developed and mature enough to be able to understand the consequences of his behaviour, and thereby, he develops guilt in the criminal law sense, which deserves the criminal law repression of the state. The question remains, what should be the age up to which the child does not answer for committing a crime? In this chapter, the authors examine this question. At the same time, we wonder whether it is fair and just that a child who commits a serious crime, while being aware that his behaviour is evil (so he actually understands the consequences of his action), is not criminally responsible just because he has not yet reached the objectively set age in the Criminal Code.
Keywords: culpability, age limitation, Slovenian criminal procedure, responsibility of parents, criminal code
Published in DKUM: 17.11.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 4
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Abstract: Moderne civilne kodifikacije iz 19. stoletja, so v evropskem prostoru pomenile izjemen prelom v pravni znanosti in revolucijo na področju obravnave civilnega prava. Prva takšna kodifikacija civilnega prava je bil francoski Code civil (1804). Pred 18. stoletjem resnih poskusov kodifikacije na francoskem ozemlju ni bilo, šele z revolucionarnim prevratom so se pojavile težnje h kodificiranju prava, ki bi odpravila zmedo starega režima (ancien régime). Pravo tega obdobja, katero so v revolucionarni dobi, za potrebe razlikovanja med novim in starim režimom, imenovali l'ancien droit, je bilo razdeljena na regijo običajnega prava na severu in regijo rimskega prava na jugu. Ta delitev v povezi s kraljevo zakonodajo je predstavljala zmedo pravnih virov in oteževala poskuse kodificiranja. V času revolucionarnega obdobja je bilo več poskusov kodifikacije prava, vendar zaradi turbulentnega časa v družbi in nestrinjanja glede temeljnih postulatov prava, do nje ni prišlo. Šele z Napoleonovim prevzemom oblasti in ustoličenjem konzulata so se začeli prvi pravi koraki k pripravi civilnega zakonika. Tako je po več letnih prizadevanjih Code civil bil sprejet 21. marca leta 1804. S sprejetjem civilnega zakonika so se uresničile sanje, ki so navdihovale francoske pravnike več stoletij. Code civil je bil edinstven podvig, saj je predstavljal kompromis med tradicijo ancien régime in radikalizmom revolucije. V skladu s t.i. duhom zmernosti je ubral pot med njima in v svojih določbah uspeh ohraniti ravnotežje med reakcionizmom in radikalizmom. V Code civil je moč čutiti vpliv običajnega prava, rimskega prava, kanonskega prava, revolucionarnega prava in kraljevih ordonanc. Po vzoru Gajevih institucij je zakonik razdeljen na tri knjige, v samih določbah pa prevladuje vpliv običajnega prava. Vendar je običajnopravni značaj zakonika bil oslabljen z vključitvijo rimskega prava in revolucionarno miselnostjo časa v katerem je nastal. Določbe Code civil so oblikovane enotno, sistematično, natančno in jasno. Razlog tega je bil v želji po odpravi zmede l'ancien droit. Določbe oblikovane v razumljivem slogu so olajšale implementacijo zakonika v praksi in zagotavljale splošno razumljivost. Tako so na ustrezen način omejili izjeme in nejasnosti. K prefinjenosti zakonika priča tudi njegov vpliv na razvoj prava po svetu. Avtoriteta, prestiž in domet zakonika je primerljiv le z rimskim pravom.
Keywords: kodifikacija, civilni zakonik, Code civil (1804), francoska revolucija, običajno pravo, rimsko pravo, pravna zgodovina
Published in DKUM: 02.10.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 21
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Abstract: Zaključno delo obravnava vlogo slovenskih medijev v Avstraliji pri ohranjanju jezikovne in kulturne identitete med slovenskimi izseljenci. Osredotoča se na tradicionalne in digitalne medije ter na pojav dvojezičnosti in code-switchinga v diaspori. Uporabljene so bile metode intervjuja, analiza medijskih vsebin in anketa. Rezultati kažejo, da mediji pomembno prispevajo k občutku pripadnosti, še posebej med starejšimi generacijami, medtem ko digitalni mediji predstavljajo potencial za vključevanje mlajših članov skupnosti.
Keywords: slovenska diaspora, Slovenci v Avstraliji, dvojezičnost, code-switching, mediji v diaspori
Published in DKUM: 22.09.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 3
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Abstract: The paper introduces a new method to describe the surfaces of voxelised solids. It operates in three stages: a hierarchical linked list of chain code sequences is created first; the linked lists are pruned; and, finally, the content of the data structure is stored. The method uses chain codes from either a three- or nine-symbols alphabet. In the first case, two chain code symbols are needed to access the next face, while, in the second case, this is done by one symbol. The pair of chain codes from the three-symbols alphabet, or the individual symbol from the nine-symbols alphabet are considered as tokens. The sets of tokens are, in both cases, extended by two tokens, indicating the beginning and ending of the list. The method processes solids of any shape, including those containing holes, cavities, or multiple components existing in the same voxel space. Edge-connectivity is permitted. The method was compared against the method proposed by Lemus et al., which is designed for solids without holes. Although supporting a broader set of voxelised solids, the proposed method generates sequences of tokens that are, on average, up to 10% shorter. Since the information entropy of the sequences of tokens produced by the proposed method is also smaller, the obtained sequences are more compressible, as confirmed by applying gzip and bzip2 data compressors.
Keywords: voxels, chain code, data structures, pruning, information entropy, data compression
Published in DKUM: 19.05.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 3
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Abstract: Large binary images are used in many modern applications of image processing. For instance, they serve as inputs or target masks for training machine learning (ML) models in computer vision and image segmentation. Storing large binary images in limited memory and loading them repeatedly on demand, which is common in ML, calls for efficient image encoding and decoding mechanisms. In the paper, we propose an encoding scheme for efficient compressed storage of large binary images based on chain codes, and introduce a new single-pass algorithm for fast parallel reconstruction of raster images from the encoded representation. We use three large real-life binary masks to test the efficiency of the proposed method, which were derived from vector layers of single-class objects – a building cadaster, a woody vegetation landscape feature map, and a road network map. We show that the masks encoded by the proposed method require significantly less storage space than standard lossless compression formats. We further compared the proposed method for mask reconstruction from chain codes with a recent state-of-the-art algorithm, and achieved between and faster reconstruction on test data
Keywords: binary mask, machine learning, chain code, binary encoding, bitmap reconstruction
Published in DKUM: 29.01.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 153
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