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Abstract: In samples taken during different stages of winemaking process (from grapes, crushed grapes, pressed pomace, must deposit, deposit of lees, must before and after clarification and wine) the Cu, Mn and Zn contents were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and the Cd, Pb and Cr contents were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Grapes, crushed grapes, pressed pomace, must deposit and deposit of lees were microwave digested with nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution, while for must and wine no special treatments were necessary. The highest contents of Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr were determined in the pressed pomace, lees, and in white grape varieties also in must deposit. Mean values obtained of dry weight (pressed pomace, lees, must deposit) were 63 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 184 mg/kg for Cu, 11 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 134 mg/kg for Mn, 14 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 17 mg/kg for Zn, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg for Pb, 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.8 mg/kg for Cr, 15.4 µg/kg, 24.4 µg/kg, 13.0 µg/kg for Cd. The Cu content was decreasing from the grapes to the bottled wine, whereas the Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb contents in the bottled wine were higher than in musts in all investigated white and red grape varieties. In ten wine samples the following contents were determined: Cu; mean 0.12 mg/L (range: 0.06-0.30 mg/L), Mn; mean 1.04 mg/L (range: 0.60-1.78 mg/L), Zn; mean 0.50 mg/L (range: 0.13-1.03 mg/L), Cd; mean 0.34 µg/L (range: 0.08-1.04 µg/L), Cr; mean 17.0µg/L (range: 5.2-25.1 µg/L) and Pb; mean 25.3 µg/L (range: 16.4-37.8 µg/L).
Keywords: viticulture, chemical processes, chemical elements, chemical analysis
Published in DKUM: 10.07.2015; Views: 1810; Downloads: 142
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Abstract: Opportunities for additional profit in retrofits depend very much on the existing plant structure, its parameters and energy system. Combined production of heat flow rate, power and chemical products can improve process efficiency. This paper presents an application of the nonlinear programming (NLP) optimization techniques, including increased chemical product output, heat integration and electricity cogeneration by changing amount flow ratios of raw material, and modifying the separation and reaction systems. The existing NLP model has been extended with basic chemical kinetics, including the effects of changing raw material flow rate ratios on product yield. A case studied methanol plant was optimized using the NLP model developed earlier by including an additional flow rate of hydrogen (H2), decreasing flowrate of high-pressure steam in crude methanol recycling, and increasing methanol production by 2.5%. The potential additional profit from the cogeneration and additional methanol production was estimated to be 2.51 MEUR/a.
Keywords: chemical processes, methanol, simultaneous optimization, NLP, cogeneration, flow rate ratios
Published in DKUM: 01.06.2012; Views: 2115; Downloads: 108
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