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Abstract: Purpose: This paper aims to forecast the availability of used but operational electric vehicle (EV) batteries to integrate them into a circular economy concept of EVs’ end-of-life (EOL) phase. Since EVs currently on the roads will become obsolete after 2030, this study focuses on the 2030–2040 period and links future renewable electricity production with the potential for storing it into used EVs’ batteries. Even though battery capacity decreases by 80% or less, these batteries will remain operational and can still be seen as a valuable solution for storing peaks of renewable energy production beyond EV EOL. Design/methodology/approach: Storing renewable electricity is gaining as much attention as increasing its production and share. However, storing it in new batteries can be expensive as well as material and energyintensive; therefore, existing capacities should be considered. The use of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is among the most exciting concepts on how to achieve it. Since reduced battery capacity decreases car manufacturers’ interest in battery reuse and recycling is environmentally hazardous, these batteries should be integrated into the future electricity storage system. Extending the life cycle of batteries from EVs beyond the EV’s life cycle is identified as a potential solution for both BEVEOL and electricity storage. Findings: Results revealed a rise of photovoltaic (PV) solar power plants and an increasing number of EVs EOL that will have to be considered. It was forecasted that 6.27–7.22% of electricity from PV systems in scenario A (if EV lifetime is predicted to be 20 years) and 18.82–21.68% of electricity from PV systems in scenario B (if EV lifetime is predicted to be 20 years) could be stored in batteries. Storing electricity in EV batteries beyond EV EOL would significantly decrease the need for raw materials, increase energy system and EV sustainability performance simultaneously and enable leaner and more efficient electricity production and distribution network. Practical implications: Storing electricity in used batteries would significantly decrease the need for primary materials as well as optimizing lean and efficient electricity production network. Originality/value: Energy storage is one of the priorities of energy companies but can be expensive as well as material and energy-intensive. The use of BEV is among the most interesting concepts on how to achieve it, but they are considered only when in the use phase as vehicle to grid (V2G) concept. Because reduced battery capacity decreases the interest of car manufacturers to reuse batteries and recycling is environmentally risky, these batteries should be used for storing, especially renewable electricity peaks. Extending the life cycle of batteries beyond the EV’s life cycle is identified as a potential solution for both BEV EOL and energy system sustainability, enabling more efficient energy management performance. The idea itself along with forecasting its potential is the main novelty of this paper.
Keywords: circular economy, renewable electricity, storing renewable electricity, batteries, renewable energy
Published in DKUM: 04.10.2024; Views: 0; Downloads: 1
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Abstract: As electric vehicle (EV) batteries degrade to 80 % of their full capacity, they become unsuitable for electric vehicle propulsion but remain viable for energy storage applications in solar and wind power plants. This study aims to estimate the energy storage potential of used-EV batteries for stationary applications in the Indian context. To estimate the renewable energy generation and used-EV capacity, the study adopted International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) growth scenarios for renewable energy growth and electric vehicle growth, respectively. Battery degradation models for popular battery chemistries in electric vehicle mobility, namely Lithium Iron Phosphate, Lithium Manganese Oxide, and Nickel Manganese Cobalt, are employed to estimate reusable battery capacity. The first life for these battery chemistries, for mobility applications, ranges from 3.5 to 7 years. Results indicate an estimated storage potential of 1300–1870 GWh in used electric vehicle batteries in India by 2038. This is equivalent to 17 % – 39 % of average daily energy generation from solar and wind power plants in various scenarios by the year 2038. This research contributes to SDG-7 by facilitating clean energy accessibility through renewable energy storage and supports emission reduction efforts in transportation and energy sectors, thereby fostering sustainable cities (SDG-11).
Keywords: used-EV batteries, battery degradation, renewable energy, energy storage, battery capacity, Li-ion batteries
Published in DKUM: 09.08.2024; Views: 104; Downloads: 9
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Abstract: The possibility of preparation of operating rechargeable liquid battery cells based on aluminium and its alloys is systematically checked. In all cases we started from aluminium as the negative electrode whereas as the positive electrode three different metals were tested: $Pb$, $Bi$, and $Sn$. Two types of electrolytes were selected: $Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaCl_2-NaCl$ and $Li_3AlF_3-BaF_2$. We show that some of these combinations allowed efficient separation of individual liquid layers. The cells exhibited expected voltages, relatively high current densities and could be charged and discharged several times. The capacities were relatively low (120 mAh in the case of $Al-Pb$ system), mostly due to unoptimised cell construction. Improvements in various directions are possible, especially by hermetically sealing the cells thus preventing salt evaporation. Similarly, solubility of aluminium in alloys can be increased by optimising the composition of positive electrode.
Keywords: liquid batteries, aluminium, alloy, electrochemistry
Published in DKUM: 24.08.2017; Views: 1390; Downloads: 339
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