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Hardware-in-the-loop simulations: a historical overview of engineering challenges
Franc Mihalič, Mitja Truntič, Alenka Hren, 2022, review article

Abstract: The design of modern industrial products is further improved through the hardware-inthe-loop (HIL) simulation. Realistic simulation is enabled by the closed loop between the hardware under test (HUT) and real-time simulation. Such a system involves a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and digital signal processor (DSP). An HIL model can bypass serious damage to the real object, reduce debugging cost, and, finally, reduce the comprehensive effort during the testing. This paper provides a historical overview of HIL simulations through different engineering challenges, i.e., within automotive, power electronics systems, and different industrial drives. Various platforms, such as National Instruments, dSPACE, Typhoon HIL, or MATLAB Simulink Real-Time toolboxes and Speedgoat hardware systems, offer a powerful tool for efficient and successful investigations in different fields. Therefore, HIL simulation practice must begin already during the university’s education process to prepare the students for professional engagements in the industry, which was also verified experimentally at the end of the paper.
Keywords: hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), controller-in-the-loop (CIL), power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL), electric drives, automotive, DC-DC converters, inverter systems, grid applications, railway systems
Published in DKUM: 07.04.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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Recent advances in the development of automotive catalytic converters: a systematic review
Laura Robles-Lorite, Ruben Dorado Vicente, Eloisa Torres Jiménez, Gorazd Bombek, Luka Lešnik, 2023, review article

Abstract: Despite the current boost in the use of electric vehicles to reduce the automotive sector’s footprint, combustion vehicles are and will be present in our cities in both the immediate and long term. In this sense, catalytic converters, which are exhaust gas post-treatment systems for vehicle emission control, are critical for complying with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. This work proposes a systematic review to identify the most relevant knowledge regarding the parameters (materials, geometries, and engine conditions), conditions (cold start, oxygen storage, and deactivation), and mathematical models to consider in the design of catalytic converters. The Scopus database contains 283 records related to this review’s objective. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 65 reports were retrieved for evaluation. A table was created to present the results and prepare this manuscript. The evaluation revealed that the following topics were active: the study of non-noble catalyst materials, as well as new substrate materials and geometries, for designing more compact and cost-effective catalytic converters; the development of strategies to improve conversion during cold starts; and the development of accurate and fast estimation models.
Keywords: automotive converters, catalytic converters, emissions reduction, exhaust gas post-treatment, catalyst deactivation, oxygen storage, numerical models
Published in DKUM: 06.09.2023; Views: 453; Downloads: 55
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