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Abstract: Despite the current boost in the use of electric vehicles to reduce the automotive sector’s footprint, combustion vehicles are and will be present in our cities in both the immediate and long term. In this sense, catalytic converters, which are exhaust gas post-treatment systems for vehicle emission control, are critical for complying with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. This work proposes a systematic review to identify the most relevant knowledge regarding the parameters (materials, geometries, and engine conditions), conditions (cold start, oxygen storage, and deactivation), and mathematical models to consider in the design of catalytic converters. The Scopus database contains 283 records related to this review’s objective. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 65 reports were retrieved for evaluation. A table was created to present the results and prepare this manuscript. The evaluation revealed that the following topics were active: the study of non-noble catalyst materials, as well as new substrate materials and geometries, for designing more compact and cost-effective catalytic converters; the development of strategies to improve conversion during cold starts; and the development of accurate and fast estimation models.
Keywords: automotive converters, catalytic converters, emissions reduction, exhaust gas post-treatment, catalyst deactivation, oxygen storage, numerical models
Published in DKUM: 06.09.2023; Views: 453; Downloads: 34
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Abstract: This thesis investigates the possibilities for increasing the power conversion efficiency and power density of a single-phase single-stage AC-DC converter with power factor correction capability. Initially, the limitations are investigated for simultaneous increase of power density and efficiency in hard switched bidirectional converters. The switching frequency dependent turn-on losses of the transistors have been identified as the main limiting factor. In order to avoid the increase in total power losses with increasing the switching frequency, a control approach is proposed for achieving zero voltage switching transitions within the entire operating range of a bidirectional converter that utilizes power transistors in a bridge structure. This approach is based on operation in the discontinuous conduction mode with a variable switching frequency. Operation in the discontinuous conduction mode ensures the necessary reversed current that naturally discharges the parasitic output capacitance of the transistor and thus allows this transistor to be turned on at zero voltage. On the other hand, the varying switching frequency ensures that the converter operates close to the zero voltage switching boundary, which is defined as the minimum required current ripple at which zero voltage switching can be maintained. Operation with the minimum required current ripple is desirable as it generates the lowest magnetic core losses and conduction losses within the power circuit. The performance and effectiveness of the investigated approach were initially verified in a bidirectional DC-DC converter. A reliable zero voltage switching was confirmed over the entire operating range of a bidirectional DC-DC converter, as well as the absence of the reverse recovery effect and the unwanted turn-on of the synchronous transistor. In order to justify its usage and demonstrate its superior performance, the proposed zero voltage switching technique was compared with a conventional continuous conduction mode operation which is characterized by hard switching commutations. After successful verification and implementation in a bidirectional DC-DC converter, the investigated zero voltage switching approach was adapted for usage in an interleaved DC-AC converter with power factor correction capability. Comprehensive analysis of the converter's operation in discontinuous conduction mode with a variable switching frequency was performed in order to derive its power loss model. The latter facilitated the design process of the converter's power circuit. A systematic approach for selecting the converter's power components has been used while targeting for an extremely high power conversion efficiency over a wide operating range and a low volume design of the converter. The final result of the investigations performed within the scope of this thesis is the interleaved AC-DC converter with power factor correction capability. Utilization of interleaving allows for increasing the converter's power processing capability, reduces the conducted differential mode noise and shrinks the range within which the switching frequency has to vary. The proposed zero voltage switching control approach was entirely implemented within a digital signal controller and does not require any additional components within the converter's circuit. The experimental results have confirmed highly efficient operation over a wide range of operating powers. A peak efficiency of 98.4 % has been achieved at the output power of 1100 W, while the efficiency is maintained above 97 % over the entire range of output powers between 200 W and 3050 W.
Keywords: zero-voltage switching, power factor correction, variable switching frequency, discontinuous conduction mode, reverse recovery, unwanted turn-on, bidirectional DC-DC converter, bidirectional AC-DC converter, control of switching power converters
Published in DKUM: 13.10.2015; Views: 2269; Downloads: 241
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Keywords: solar energy, urban areas, photovoltaic converters
Published in DKUM: 30.05.2012; Views: 1785; Downloads: 53
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