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Abstract: The main aim of the study was to analyse the strain rate sensitivity of the compressive deformation response in bulk 3D-printed samples from 316L stainless steel according to the printing orientation. The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) method of metal additive manufacturing was utilised for the production of the samples with three different printing orientations: 0◦ , 45◦ , and 90◦ . The specimens were experimentally investigated during uni-axial quasi-static and dynamic loading. A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus was used for the dynamic experiments. The experiments were observed using a high-resolution (quasi-static loading) or a high-speed visible-light camera and a high-speed thermographic camera (dynamic loading) to allow for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the deformation processes. Digital image correlation (DIC) software was used for the evaluation of displacement fields. To assess the deformation behaviour of the 3D-printed bulk samples and strain rate related properties, an analysis of the true stress–true strain diagrams from quasi-static and dynamic experiments as well as the thermograms captured during the dynamic loading was performed. The results revealed a strong strain rate effect on the mechanical response of the investigated material. Furthermore, a dependency of the strain-rate sensitivity on the printing orientation was identified.
Keywords: 3D printing, laser powder bed fusion, 316L stainless steel, printing direction, split Hopkinson pressure bar
Published in DKUM: 20.03.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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Abstract: This study investigates how varying cell size affects the mechanical behaviour of photopolymer Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) under different deformation rates. Diamond, Gyroid, and Primitive TPMS structures with spatially graded cell sizes were tested. Quasi-static experiments measured boundary forces, representing material behaviour, inertia, and deformation mechanisms. Separate studies explored the base material’s behaviour and its response to strain rate, revealing a strength increase with rising strain rate. Ten compression tests identified a critical strain rate of 0.7 s−1 for “Grey Pro” material, indicating a shift in failure susceptibility. X-ray tomography, camera recording, and image correlation techniques observed cell connectivity and non-uniform deformation in TPMS structures. Regions exceeding the critical rate fractured earlier. In Primitive structures, stiffness differences caused collapse after densification of smaller cells at lower rates. The study found increasing collapse initiation stress, plateau stress, densification strain, and specific energy absorption with higher deformation rates below the critical rate for all TPMS structures. However, cell-size graded Primitive structures showed a significant reduction in plateau and specific energy absorption at a 500 mm/min rate.
Keywords: cellular materials, triply periodical minimal surface, photopolymer, mechanical properties, strain rate, experimental compressive testing, computer simulations
Published in DKUM: 22.05.2024; Views: 216; Downloads: 26
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Abstract: The study presents an extensive mechanical and computational characterisation of novel cellular metamaterial with axisymmetric chiral structure (ACS) at different strain rates. The Direct Impact Hopkinson Bar (DIHB) testing device was used for impact testing up to 21 m/s striker speed, which was insufficient to reach the shock deformation regime. Thus, using computational simulations to estimate the structure behaviour at high strain rates was necessary. Experimental and computational results showed that all ACS structures exhibit a nominal stress–strain relationship typical for cellular materials. As the loading conditions shifted to a dynamic regime, the micro–inertia effect became increasingly pronounced, leading to a corresponding rise in structure stiffness. The Poisson's ratio in all ACS increases gradually, making them superior to traditional cellular materials, which experience a sudden increase in Poisson's ratio during loading. Additionally, the study found that the structures exhibited a rise in the auxetic effect with an increase in strain rate, highlighting the benefits of axisymmetric structures in high-loading regimes. Overall, the obtained results provide valuable insights into the mechanical properties of ACS under different loading regimes and will contribute to further design improvements and the fabrication of novel ACS metamaterials.
Keywords: axisymmetric chiral structure, auxetic, chiral unit cell, impact testing, dynamic characterisation, finite element simulations
Published in DKUM: 15.02.2024; Views: 345; Downloads: 40
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Abstract: This study investigated the high-strain rate mechanical properties of open-cell aluminium foam M-pore®. While previous research has examined the response of this type of foam under quasi-static and transitional dynamic loading conditions, there is a lack of knowledge about its behaviour under higher strain rates (transitional and shock loading regimes). To address this gap in understanding, cylindrical open-cell foam specimens were tested using a modified Direct Impact Hopkinson Bar (DIHB) apparatus over a wide range of strain rates, up to 93 m/s. The results showed a strong dependency of the foam's behaviour on the loading rate, with increased plateau stress and changes in deformation front formation and propagation at higher strain rates. The internal structure of the specimens was examined using X-ray micro-computed tomography (mCT). The mCT images were used to build simplified 3D numerical models of analysed aluminium foam specimens that were used in computational simulations of their behaviour under all experimentally tested loading regimes using LS-DYNA software. The overall agreement between the experimental and computational results was good enough to validate the built numerical models capable of correctly simulating the mechanical response of analysed aluminium foam at different loading rates.
Keywords: Open-cell aluminium foam, Micro-computed tomography, High-strain rate, Direct impact hopkinson bar, Digital image correlation, Computer simulation
Published in DKUM: 06.12.2023; Views: 428; Downloads: 44
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Abstract: V doktorski raziskavi so bile karakterizirane visokohitrostne mehanske lastnosti novih celičnih metamaterialov z osnosimetrično avksetično kiralno strukturo, katerih geometrija temelji na tridimenzionalni štiri kiralni kvadratni enotski celici z ukrivljenimi medceličnimi povezavami sinusne oblike in prostorsko gradiranostjo v radialni smeri. Z napredno dodajalno tehnologijo 3D tiskanja so bili izdelani vzorci treh različnih osnosimetričnih geometrijskih struktur z različnimi relativnimi gostotami. Za celovito mehansko karakterizacijo v vseh obremenitvenih režimih (kvazi statičnem, prehodno dinamičnem in visokohitrostnem) so bile uporabljene napredne eksperimentalne in računalniško simulacijske metode, s katerimi so bile zajete vse deformacijske faze celičnih metamaterialov, in sicer: začetna faza, plato faza in faza zgoščevanja. S predhodno študijo odziva kiralnih preizkušancev je bilo ugotovljeno, da klasično SHPB preizkuševališče ne omogoča celovite visokohitrostne karakterizacije celičnih metamaterialov, zato je bila izvedena nadgradnja obstoječega SHPB preizkuševališča v preizkuševališče direktnega udarca DIHB. Ustrezno delovanje DIHB preizkuševališča je bilo potrjeno z mehansko karakterizacijo uveljavljene odprto celične kovinske pene m-pore®. Z vpeljavo optične metode sledenja digitalnih slik (DIC) je bila dosežena višja stopnja natančnosti eksperimentalnih opazovanj, ki je omogočila določitev polj pomikov, specifičnih deformacij in Poissonovih razmerij v vseh obremenitvenih režimih na mezo nivoju. Ustrezno potrjeno DIHB preizkuševališče je bilo uporabljeno za obsežno mehansko karakterizacijo novih osnosimetričnih metamaterialov pri različnih deformacijskih režimih. Dokazan je bil vpliv deformacijske hitrosti na utrjevanje metamateriala zaradi vpliva mikrovztrajnosti. Dokazano je bilo, da je lahko z gradirano notranjo kiralno strukturo osnosimetričnih celičnih metamaterialov dosežen konstanten napetostni plato brez oscilacij in postopoma naraščajoče Poissonovo razmerje. Obenem je bila opredeljena tudi geometrijska struktura z najvišjim avksetičnim odzivom, najvišjo togostjo glede na relativno gostoto strukture in najmanjšimi napetostnimi oscilacijami v plato fazi.
Keywords: celični metamateriali, prostorsko gradirana gostota, SHPB, visokohitrostna deformacija, test direktnega udarca, DIC, računalniške simulacije
Published in DKUM: 19.09.2022; Views: 825; Downloads: 248
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