1. Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) in Slovenian cavesLoris Galli, Franc Janžekovič, Peter Kozel, Tone Novak, 2021, original scientific article Keywords: adaptations, cave fauna, microarthropods, microhabitats, subterranean ecosystem
Published in DKUM: 14.02.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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2. Eksperimentalno preverjanje preferenčnih mirovališč in interakcija dveh morfotipov samcev navadnega matije, Phalangium opilio Linnaeus, 1758 (Opiliones, Phalangiidae) : Magistrsko deloTina Marshall, 2024, master's thesis Abstract: Navadni matija (Phalangium opilio) je splošno razširjena vrsta suhih južin, za katero je značilen trimorfizem, V tej raziskavi smo proučevali preferenčna mirovališča morfotipov samcev na rastlinah in različnih tipih podlag na poskusnih stolpih v povezavi z okoljskimi dejavniki. Prav tako smo opazovali interakcije, beležili vedenjske vzorce ter ugotavljali morebitne razlike v vedenju med morfotipoma. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, ali je segregacija prostorskih niš dolgorogih in kratkorogih samcev v naravi posledica kompeticije ali različnih ekoloških preferenc morfotipov. Za izvedbo poskusov smo na prostem postavili dve eksperimentalni areni. V vsako smo za poskuse preverjanja preferenčnih mirovališč na rastlinah zasadili sadike melonaste hruške (Solanum muricatum). Za preverjanje preference do različnih tipov podlag pa smo v areni postavili poskusna stolpa, ki sta imela na vsaki stranici nameščene štiri vrste podlag. Snemanje interakcij med osebki smo izvajali v terariju v laboratoriju. Ugotovili smo, da se dolgorogi in kratkorogi samci razlikujejo v izbiri mirovališč na rastlinah. Kadar sta bila v areni oba morfotipa hkrati, so kratkorogi samci izbirali mirovališča višje na rastlinah. To je posledica intraseksualne kompeticije, saj smo ugotovili, da morfotipa nimata različnih mikroklimatskih preferenc. Oba morfotipa sta največkrat mirovala na betonu in lesu na severni strani poskusnih stolpov. Morfotipa sta se na poskusnih stolpih razlikovala v prostorski in mikroklimatski niši. Kratkorogi samci so ob odsotnosti dolgorogih mirovali nižje, na določenih podlagah in straneh poskusnih stolpov pa so izbirali tudi toplejša in vlažnejša mirovališča kot slednji. Največ spopadov glede na število interakcij je bilo med pari dolgorogih samcev. Morfotipa samcev se v vedenjskih vzorcih med spopadi sicer nista razlikovala, so pa dolgorogi samci pogosteje izkazovali agresivno vedenje. Na osnovi poskusov in opazovanja vedenja lahko zaključimo, da je segregacija prostorskih niš dolgorogih in kratkorogih samcev v naravi posledica kompeticije, ne pa različnih ekoloških preferenc morfotipov.
Keywords: dimorfizem samcev, intraseksualna kompeticija, okoljski dejavniki, pajkovci, prostorska niša
Published in DKUM: 17.12.2024; Views: 0; Downloads: 11
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3. Environmental factors influencing the distribution of habitat types in the highlands of the Kamnik - Savinja AlpsSonja Škornik, Igor Paušič, Tone Novak, Franc Janžekovič, Danijel Ivajnšič, Mihaela Tostovršnik, Peter Kozel, 2021, original scientific article Abstract: In this work, we investigated the relationship between habitat types (HTs) and selected environmental factors in the highlands at altitudes of 1800–2558 m in the Kamnik-Savinja (KS) Alps in Slovenia. For 275 sampling sites, we identified seven HTs in their typical form and 11 ecotones, and provided field and modelled data for 14 environmental factors. HTs-environment relationships were analysed using multivariate ordination methods. In addition, binomial generalised linear mixed models were applied to reveal the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of most frequent HTs in the study area [Outer Alpine Pinus mugo scrub (EUNIS code F2.4/Natura 2000 code 4070*), Southern rusty sedge grasslands (E4.413/6170), Cushion sedge carpets (E4.433/6170) and Fine calcareous screes (H2.43/8120)]. Results showed that certain modelled data (e.g. average annual air temperature) combined with field measurements (e.g. inclination, soil surface and soil moisture) can be effective predictors of most representative HTs in the study area, and thus useful for further refining of monitoring. Our study contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the relationships between environmental conditions and the occurrence of highland HTs in KS Alps, which probably concerns a great part of the Alpine highlands. Such knowledge is essential for assessing credible long-term conservation planning.
Keywords: Alpine habitat types, multivariate analysis, Pinus mugo, alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands, Natura 2000, Slovenia
Published in DKUM: 10.12.2024; Views: 0; Downloads: 7
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4. Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments : case study from the Slovenian classical karst regionLara Valentić, Peter Kozel, Tanja Pipan, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: Since the start of mass production of plastic materials more than a century ago, the problem of accumulating plastic waste in the environment has reached epic proportions. Recently, the problem of smaller plastic particles (microplastic, MP) in the environment has become a widely studied topic, but the amount and types of MP in karst environments are still poorly known. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect and analyse samples from various karst habitats and to try and determine the scope of pollution in karst springs that are in part used as sources for drinking water. Of the potential pollution sources, we sampled rainwater, two discharges from wastewater treatment plants, and a leachate from a landfill. We conducted polymer analyses of potential MP particles using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that eight samples from the Postojna region (Postojna–Planina Cave System, rainfall sample and surface streams) contain up to 444 MP particles per m3. However, 32 samples taken from the Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah Cave System contain up to 60,000 MP particles per m3, with the bulk of particles found in the sediment samples from Škocjan Caves – Kačna Cave System. Samples from Postojna region contained mostly PET, PU and PA polymers, with a minor inclusion of polymers of plastic sponge used for cleaning. Samples from Škocjan region contained mostly PP, PET and PE polymers, with some of PA and PU polymers. Sediment samples contained much less MP particles compared to water samples, which indicates fast transport through karst aquifer.
Keywords: caves, fibres, microplastic contamination, karst (geology), groundwater, pollution, plastics, aquifers, Postojna (Slovenia), Škocjan (Slovenia)
Published in DKUM: 12.07.2024; Views: 122; Downloads: 15
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5. The overview of lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from caves of SloveniaAnja Kos, Teo Delić, Ivan Kos, Peter Kozel, Slavko Polak, Maja Zagmajster, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Centipedes of temperate regions can be found in various habitats, including forest litter, soil or caves. Slovenia, situated in the Northwestern Balkans, has rich centipede fauna, with one of the earliest scientific descriptions of a cave centipede, Lithobius stygius Latzel, 1880, from Postojnska jama. Many lithobiomorph species have been reported from Slovenian caves, but the data on their occurrence are scattered in the literature or public collections, and several specimens have even remained unexamined. Here we present the overview of lithobiomorph centipedes found in Slovenian caves. Altogether, 21 lithobiomorph species were found in 160 localities. The majority of the records, 319 out of 410, are published for the first time. Only three species are considered exclusively subterranean species, L. stygius, L. zveri and Eupolybothrus obrovensis, while other species are surface dwellers. The potential explanation of surface species presence in caves is discussed. We comment on cases of unresolved taxonomical status and present suggestions for further research needed to resolve them. Even though lithobiomorph centipedes often occur in caves, their role and importance in subterranean habitats remain to be studied.
Keywords: biodiversity, Eupolybothrus obrovensis, Lithobius stygius, Lithobius zveri, subterranean
Published in DKUM: 19.04.2024; Views: 504; Downloads: 10
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6. Starvation hardiness as preadaptation for life in subterranean habitatsPeter Kozel, Tone Novak, Franc Janžekovič, Saška Lipovšek Delakorda, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Most subterranean habitats, especially caves, are considered extreme environments, mainly because of the limited and erratic food supply and constant darkness. In temperate regions, many climatic conditions, such as temperature and air humidity, are periodically less adverse or even more favourable in caves than the harsh seasonal weather on the surface. Accordingly, many animal species search for hibernacula in caves. These overwintering, non-specialized subterranean species (nontroglobionts)
show various modes of dormancy and ongoing development. Since they do not feed, they all undergo periodic starvation, a preadaptation, which might evolve in permanent starvation hardiness, such as found in most specialized subterranean species (troglobionts). To this end, we performed a comparative analysis of energy-supplying compounds in eleven most common terrestrial non-troglobiont species during winter in central European caves. We found highly heterogeneous responses to starvation, which are rather consistent with the degree of energetic adaptation to the habitat than to overwintering mode. The consumption of energy-supplying compounds was strongly higher taxa-dependant; glycogen is the main energy store in gastropods, lipids in insects, and arachnids rely on both reserve compounds. We assume that permanent starvation hardiness in specialized subterranean species might evolved in many different ways as shown in this study.
Keywords: subterranean habitats, caves, starvation hardiness
Published in DKUM: 08.12.2023; Views: 449; Downloads: 43
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7. Ekologija vrste skalni dolgin, leiobunum rupestre (herbst, 1799) (arachnida: opiliones: sclerosomatidae), v SlovenijiKristian Lipovac, 2021, master's thesis Abstract: Poznavanje ekologije vrst suhih južin še vedno temelji večinoma na opisnih podatkih značilnosti najdišč. Skalni dolgin (Leiobunum rupestre) je tipična gozdna vrsta suhih južin in živi v primerno vlažnih habitatih. V raziskavi smo analizirali prostorsko ekološko nišo skalnega dolgina v Sloveniji na osnovi podatkov o 736 skalnih dolginih na 304 lokacijah, na nadmorskih višinah med 150 in 1421 m. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kje so v Sloveniji ustrezni potencialni habitati in kateri okoljski dejavniki vplivajo na razširjenost skalnega dolgina, ter kako. Ugotoviti smo želeli še, kako in kje se bo ustreznost potencialnih habitatov do leta 2070 spremenila glede na podnebna scenarija RCP 4.5 in RCP 8.5 in na tej osnovi opredeliti potencialno razširjenost skalnega dolgina v Sloveniji v prihodnje. Razširjenost vrste smo proučili z ekološkim modeliranjem, pri čemer smo ugotavljali potencialno razširjenost vrste na podlagi modeliranja ustreznih habitatov. V raziskavi smo analizirali podatke z najdišč skalnega dolgina v povezavi z okoljskimi dejavniki v vsej Sloveniji. Ekološko nišo in razširjenost vrste smo proučevali z modelom za modeliranje maksimalne nedoločenosti/entropije(MaxEnt). Ugotovili smo, da je skalni dolgin submontanska do montanska vrsta, saj so najustreznejši potencialni habitati za življenje v hribovju, na nadmorskih višinah med 500 in 1000 m. Vrsta preferira manj vetrovne, geomorfološko najnižje predele, torej doline, kotanje ipd. v različnih tipih gozdov z bujno vegetacijo in s severno ekspozicijo. V visokogorju in Primorju ni ustreznih habitatov za skalnega dolgina. Na podlagi podnebnega scenarija RCP 4.5 se bosta ustreznost potencialnih habitatov in območje potencialne razširjenosti skalnega dolgina do leta 2070 zmanjšali. Leta 2070 bo več ustreznih potencialnih habitatov na višjih nadmorskih višinah, zato pričakujemo v Sloveniji pomik prisotnosti vrste na višje nadmorske višine. Na podlagi scenarija RCP 8.5 se bosta ustreznost potencialnih habitatov in območje potencialne razširjenosti do leta 2070 še dodatno zmanjšali. Po našem vedenju je to prva taka raziskava na suhih južinah v Evropi. Kljub relativno majhni, okrog 60-odstotni zanesljivosti rezultatov izbranega modela, se je naš pristop izkazal za zelo primeren način proučevanja prostorskih ekoloških niš suhih južin. Z izpopolnjevanjem modela se bo njegova verodostojnost v prihodnje nedvomno izboljšala, s tem pa si lahko obetamo vse bolj objektivno vrednotenje obravnavanih prostorskih niš in boljšo uporabnost izsledkov pri napovedovanju sprememb razširjenosti posameznih vrst v spreminjajočem se okolju.
Keywords: modeliranje ekološke niše, pajkovci, podnebne spremembe, potencialna razširjenost
Published in DKUM: 21.07.2021; Views: 1195; Downloads: 100
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8. Mitigating the conflict between pitfall-trap sampling and conservation of terrestrial subterranean communities in cavesPeter Kozel, Tanja Pipan, Nina Šajna, Slavko Polak, Tone Novak, 2017, original scientific article Abstract: Subterranean habitats are known for their rich endemic fauna and high vulnerability to disturbance. Many methods and techniques are used to sample the biodiversity of terrestrial invertebrate fauna in caves, among which pitfall trapping remains one of the most frequently used and effective ones. However, this method has turned out to be harmful to subterranean communities if applied inappropriately. Traditionally, pitfall traps have been placed in caves solely on the ground. Here we present an optimized technique of pitfall trapping to achieve a balance between sampling completeness and minimal disturbance of the fauna in the cave. Monthly we placed traps for two days in two parallel sets, a ground trap and an upper one−just below the ceiling−along the cave. In the upper set, about 10% additional species were recorded compared to the ground set. Greater species diversity in the cave was the consequence of both the increased sampling effort and the amplified heterogeneity of sampled microhabitats. In caves sampled by traditional pitfall trapping, overlooked species may be a consequence of methodological biases, leading to lower biodiversity estimates. In our research, incidence-based estimations mostly surpassed abundance-based ones and predicted 95% coverage of the species richness within about two years of sampling. The sampling used contributes at the same time to both the more effective and less invasive inventory of the subterranean fauna. Thus, it may serve as an optional sampling to achieve optimal balance between required data for biodiversity and ecological studies, and nature conservation goals.
Keywords: biodiversity estimators, microhabitats, sampling effort, sampling techniques, biological inventories
Published in DKUM: 30.10.2017; Views: 1362; Downloads: 398
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9. Preferenca dvozobih črnink Nemastoma bidentatum ssp. (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae), do različno komprimiranih substratovPeter Kozel, 2013, master's thesis Abstract: V raziskavi smo obravnavali razporeditev osebkov podvrste dvozobe črninke Nemastoma bidentatum ssp. (Nemastomatidae, Opiliones), ki živi v južni in jugovzhodni Sloveniji, v talnem substratu. V prvi skupini poskusov smo ugotavljali razporeditev osebkov v homogenem nekomprimiranem substratu, v drugi skupini pa njihovo preferenco do nekomprimiranega (0,0 kg/cm2), rahlo komprimiranega (0,1 kg/cm2) in močno komprimiranega substrata (1,0 kg/cm2). Na podlagi izsledkov smo želeli preveriti možnost za uporabo črnink kot bioindikatorjev za ocenjevanje kakovosti gozdnih in grmiščnih tal. Poskuse smo izvedli v laboratoriju in v naravi na lokacijah, kjer smo nabrali črninke. Uporabili smo mrežne kletke v poskusni areni, ki so na eni strani omogočile nadzorovano pripravo poskusnega substrata in na drugi strani nadzorovano razstavljanje substrata v poskusni areni. Pri vrednotenju pridobljenih podatkov smo kombinirali metode iz teorije grafov in statistične analitske metode. Za ugotavljanje tipa razporeditve črnink v homogenem substratu smo uporabili prirejen model po teoriji grafov in prostorsko avtokorelacijsko analizo. Glede razporeditve v substratu med samci in samicami ni bilo značilnih razlik, prav tako jih ni bilo v prostorski razporeditvi osebkov glede na kraj opravljanja poskusa – v laboratoriju ali v naravi. Črninke so se v nekomprimiranem homogeniziranem substratu agregirale v skupine. Preferirale so nekomprimiran substrat, malo jih je bilo v rahlo komprimiranem in nobene v močno komprimiranem substratu. Na osnovi poskusov lahko zaključimo, da je rahlost substrata nujni, a ne zadostni pogoj za prisotnost črnink. V raziskavi smo potrdili možnost uporabe te podvrste črnink kot bioindikatorja za in situ določanje kakovosti talnih substratov glede na njihovo čvrstost in sestavo.
Keywords: bioindikatorji, čvrstost (komprimiranost) tal, ekologija tal, Nemastoma bidentatum, talni substrat
Published in DKUM: 11.09.2013; Views: 3046; Downloads: 379
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