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Abstract: V magistrski nalogi obravnavamo fotonske kristale in se osredotočimo na izračun prepovedanih pasov. Fotonski kristali so materiali, v katerih se dielektrična konstanta s krajem periodično spreminja. V takšnih materialih lahko obstajajo prepovedani pasovi oziroma območje frekvenc, pri katerih se elektromagnetno valovanje ne more razširjati skozi material, ampak se odbije. Prepovedani pas, ki obstaja pri vseh možnih smereh razširjanja elektromagnetnega valovanja skozi material, se imenuje popolni prepovedani pas. Za izračun prepovedanih pasov v dvodimenzionalnih in tridimenzionalnih fotonskih kristalih uporabimo metodo prenosne matrike v realnem prostoru. Izpeljemo disperzijsko zvezo, ki opisuje odvisnost frekvence od valovnega števila. Zvezo uporabimo v numeričnih izračunih, ki jih izvedemo z računalniškim programom Wolfram Mathematica. Pri določeni smeri razširjanja elektromagnetnega valovanja skozi material prikažemo rezultate numeričnih izračunov na grafu frekvence v odvisnosti od valovnega števila, iz katerega so razvidni prepovedani pasovi. Ugotovimo, da metoda na osebnem računalniku v programu Wolfram Mathematica omogoča izračun prepovedanih pasov samo za dvodimenzionalne fotonske kristale. Za izračun prepovedanih pasov v tridimenzionalnih fotonskih kristalih uporabimo programska paketa MEEP in MPB. Programski paket MEEP omogoča shranjevanje geometrijskih lastnosti struktur, numerično reševanje Maxwellovih enačb in različne simulacije elektromagnetnih pojavov. Programski paket MPB je integriran v paket MEEP in je posebej zasnovan za izračun prepovedanih pasov v fotonskih kristalih za različne geometrijske lastnosti. Osredotočimo se na modri tekočekristalni fazi BPI in BPII. V osnovni celici modrih faz BPI in BPII se molekule uredijo v dvojno zvite cilindre. Predpostavimo, da dielektrična konstanta znotraj cilindrov ni odvisna od smeri, zato namesto dielektričnega tenzorja upoštevamo dielektrično konstanto. Ugotovimo, da v modrih fazah BPI in BPII nastanejo prepovedani pasovi, ki pa niso popolni. Za modro fazo BPI upoštevamo, da je velikost osnovne celice enaka 240 nm in izračunamo, da v vidnem območju elektromagnetnega spektra obstajajo prepovedani pasovi. Za modro fazo BPII pa upoštevamo, da je velikost osnovne celice enaka 150 nm in izračunamo, da v vidnem območju elektromagnetnega spektra prav tako obstajajo prepovedani pasovi.
Keywords: fotonski kristali, fotonski prepovedani pasovi, dielektrična konstanta, disperzijska zveza, metoda prenosne matrike v realnem prostoru, modre faze, MEEP in MPB
Published in DKUM: 18.10.2024; Views: 0; Downloads: 13
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Abstract: The structure of a continuous-grid chiral cubic phase made of achiral constituent molecules is a hot topic in the field of thermotropic liquid crystals. Several structural models have been proposed so far. Resonant X-ray scattering (RXS), which gives information on the molecular orientation in the unit cell, could be applied to select the most appropriate model. We modeled the RXS response for the recently proposed chiral cubic phase structure with an all-hexagon chiral continuous grid. A tensor form factor of a unit cell is constructed, which enables calculation of intensities of peaks for all Miller indices. We find that all the symmetry allowed peaks are resonantly enhanced, and their intensity is much stronger than the intensity of the symmetry forbidden (resonant) peaks. In particular, we predict that a strong resonant enhancement of the symmetry allowed peaks (011) and (002), not observed in a nonresonant scattering, could be observed by RXS at the carbon absorption edge. By RXS at the sulfur absorption edge, one might observe a resonant peak (113) and resonantly enhanced peak (233), and resonant enhancement of all the peaks that are observed in a nonresonant scattering, which probably hide the rest of the predicted resonant peaks.
Keywords: chiral cubic phase, resonant X-ray scattering, theoretical modeling, tensor form factor
Published in DKUM: 14.08.2024; Views: 100; Downloads: 11
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Abstract: Fizikalni eksperimenti 3 – zbirka laboratorijskih vaj – so namenjeni študentom 1. stopnje študija v programih Fizika in Predmetni učitelj na Fakulteti za naravoslovje in matematiko v Mariboru. Zbirka zajema snov s področja nihanja in valovanja. Vaje se izvajajo pri predmetu Fizikalni eksperimenti 3 v letnem semestru 2. letnika. Naslovi vaj: Goriščne razdalje leč, Uklon in interferenca, Stefanov zakon, Sklopljeno nihanje, Hitrost ultrazvoka, Nihanje s trenjem, Resonanca, Stoječe valovanje, Frekvenca in hitrost zvoka, Prekinjeno nihalo, Spektrometer. Navodila so namenjena uspešni izvedbi meritev, analizi, interpretaciji in vrednotenju merskih rezultatov. Dodani so naslovi samostojnih projektov, ki so bili v okviru predmeta izvedeni v preteklih letih.
Keywords: fizika, nihanje, valovanje, laboratorijske vaje, fizikalne meritve, projekti
Published in DKUM: 12.07.2022; Views: 902; Downloads: 128
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Abstract: In this thesis, we study the structure and optical transmission properties of the twist-bend nematic liquid crystalline phase, made of bent dimers, confined in thin planar cells. Confinement leads to the formation of a periodic modulated structure, the formation of which is explained as follows. The twist-bend nematic phase is characterized by a heliconical modulation of the molecular long axes. Due to a short pitch of modulation (approximately 10 nm), the twist-bend nematic phase behaves as a pseudo-layered medium. At temperatures below the nematic – twist-bend nematic phase transition, the heliconical pitch and thus the thickness of the pseudo-layers reduces, which leads to a two-dimensional undulation of pseudo-layers in the direction perpendicular to the cell surfaces and along the surfaces. The undulated structure is responsible for a stripe texture observed under a polarizing microscope and acts as a diffraction grating. We constructed theoretical models to predict the pseudo-layer structure of a confined twist-bend nematic phase and to describe the properties of light diffracted on such cells. The free energy of the two-dimensional pseudo-layer structure of the twist-bend nematic phase is expressed in terms of the nematic director field, by which we describe the direction of the heliconical axis, and a complex smectic order parameter, the gradient of which gives the direction of the layer normal. At first, we assume that pseudo-layers are perpendicular to the surfaces (bookshelf geometry) and find a stable structure by assuming an ansatz for the pseudo-layer displacement from the bookshelf geometry and then minimizing the free energy at a very strong and very weak surface anchoring. In this way a threshold condition for the onset of the modulated structure is obtained, as well as the amplitude and period of modulation. Next, we assume that, at the onset of the twist-bend nematic phase, pseudo-layers are formed at some angle (pre-tilt) with respect to the surface. We find that in both cases, the bookshelf and pre-tilted one, the calculated period of modulation far from the phase transition is always approximately twice the cell thickness, which agrees with experimental observations. The properties of light diffracted by the spontaneously formed grating were studied both experimentally and theoretically. We measured the intensity and polarization properties of the first two orders of the diffracted light and the temperature dependence of the polarization of the second order diffraction peaks. To predict the observed properties of the diffracted light and to simplify the description of such gratings, we consider different preliminary models of a one-dimensional spatial variation of the optic axis, the direction of which is given by two angles. A transfer matrix method is used and a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is obtained. In a more comprehensive approach, we determine the spatial variation of the optic axis direction from the modeled structure. The electric field in the diffracted light is obtained by using the transfer matrix method and beam propagation method. In the case of a pre-tilt of the pseudo-layers and very strong surface anchoring both methods give good qualitative agreement with experimental results, only in the case of the temperature dependence of the second order diffraction peaks, a more complex beam propagation method is superior to the transfer matrix method. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, we focus on the physical properties of the twist-bend nematic phase and its structure in thin planar cells. In the second part, a continuum model is proposed and finally, the properties of diffracted light are discussed and theoretically predicted by using the beam propagation method and transfer matrix method.
Keywords: Bent-dimer liquid crystals, twist-bend nematic phase, undulation of pseudo-layers, polarization, diffraction grating, beam propagation method, transfer matrix method.
Published in DKUM: 21.10.2021; Views: 1359; Downloads: 92
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Published in DKUM: 03.08.2020; Views: 780; Downloads: 78
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