1. Numerical study on in-plane behaviour of light timber-framed wall elements under a horizontal load impactMiroslav Premrov, Erika Kozem Šilih, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: This study analyses the many different parameters of the in-plane flexibility problem regarding the lateral behaviour of light timber-framed (LTF) wall elements with different types of sheathing material (FPB, OSB, or even reinforced concrete), as well as the thickness of the timber frame elements (internal or external wall elements). The analysis simultaneously considers bending, shear, and timber-to-framing connection flexibility, while assuming stiff-supported wall elements as prescribed by Eurocode 5. Particular emphasis is placed on the sliding deformation between sheathing boards and the timber frame, which can significantly reduce the overall stiffness of LTF wall elements. The influence of fastener spacing (s) on sliding deformation and overall stiffness is comprehensively analysed, as well as the different bending and shear behaviours of the various sheathing materials. The results show that reducing the fastener spacing can significantly improve the stiffness of OSB wall elements, while it is less critical for FPB elements used in mid-rise timber buildings. A comparison of external and internal wall elements revealed a minimal difference in racking stiffness (3.3%) for OSB and FPB specimens, highlighting their comparable performance. The inclusion of RC sheathing on one side of the LTF elements showed significant potential to improve torsional behaviour and in-plane racking stiffness, making it a viable solution for strengthening prefabricated multi-storey timber buildings. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design of LTF walls, ensuring improved structural performance and extended application possibilities in modern timber construction.
Keywords: timber, structures, light timber-framed element, modelling, numerical analysis
Published in DKUM: 17.03.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 6
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2. Seismic resistance of existing buildings with added light timber structure storeysJurij Jančar, Trajče Zafirov, Miroslav Premrov, Bruno Dujič, Viktor Hristovski, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: In the presented paper, the problem of vertical expansions is treated in terms of seismic resistance of structures with added storeys. A large parametric study has been performed, confirming the impact of different number of added storeys, and the change of their stiffness, on the seismic response of structures. The paper shows examples of how stiffness in light timber frame and cross laminated timber structures can be easily altered just by changing the type and distribution of fasteners. Known procedures are used to calculate the stiffness of the wall elements of a light timber frame system, and a new procedure is developed for determining the stiffness of cross laminated timber wall elements. The study shows how changing the stiffness of the vertical expansion can have a significant impact on the seismic response and that, in some cases, vertical expansion can have a favourable effect on seismic resistance, despite a minor increase in the mass of the structure.
Keywords: added storeys, seismic resistance, light timber structure
Published in DKUM: 12.03.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 2
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3. Influence of the bonding boundary conditions of timber-glass I-beams on load-bearing capacity and stiffnessMateja Držečnik, Andrej Štrukelj, Miroslav Premrov, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: Structural glass plays an important role in modern architecture, interior design, and
building design. It has earned this title primarily because of its properties, such as transparency
and its importance in lighting a space. Glass is a challenging building material because of its
unpredictability and fragile behaviour. Its fragility, and the way it disintegrates, are the main reasons
for using glass in collaboration with timber. The aim of this study is to provide researchers with
a more detailed analysis of the influence of the cross-section of I-beams made of timber and glass
on the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of each element, based on the research carried out as a
basis for such a study. Special attention is focused on analysing the influence of different bonding
line types. Composite materials are usually made of a combination of several materials. The goal in
making composites is to create a synergy between these materials and combine the good properties
of each part of the component.
Keywords: timber-glass I-beams, timber, glass, adhesive
Published in DKUM: 11.03.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 7
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4. Numerical study of racking resistance of timber-made double-skin façade elementsErika Kozem Šilih, Miroslav Premrov, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: The use of a double-skin façade (DSF) is a quite new approach in the building renovation process, complementing conventional renovation strategies. A double-skin façade is an envelope wall construction that consists of two transparent surfaces separated by a cavity and can essentially improve the thermal and acoustic resistance of the building envelope. The main double-skin wall components are usually composed of a hardened external single glazing pane and a double or triple thermal insulating internal glass pane, which are connected to the frame structure. Recently, many studies have analysed the thermal and acoustic performance of DSF elements, but almost none in terms of structural behaviour, especially in terms of determining the racking resistance of such wall elements. Moreover, with a view to reduce the global warming potential, an eco-friendly timber frame instead of a commonly used steel, aluminium or plastic frame is studied in this analysis. However, structurally combining timber and glass to develop an appropriate load-bearing structural element is a very complex process involving a combination of two materials with different material properties, where the type of bonding can be selected as a crucial parameter affecting the racking resistance range. Since the costs of experiments performed on such full-scale DSF elements are very high and such experiments are time-consuming, it is crucial to develop special mathematical models for analysing the influence of the most important parameters. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to develop the finite element mathematical model of the studied DSF structural elements with a highly ecological solution by using a timber frame. In the second step, the developed model is further implemented in the numerical analysis of racking stiffness and followed by a comprehensive parametric numerical study on different parameters influencing the horizontal load-bearing capacity of such DSF timber elements. The obtained results indicate that the new approach of the developed load-bearing prefabricated timber DSF elements can essentially improve racking resistance and stiffness compared with the widely studied timber-glass single-skin wall elements and can thus be fully recommended especially in the structural renovation process of old buildings.
Keywords: timber, glass, double-skin façades, racking resistance, mathematical modelling, numerical analysis, Finite Elements Methods (FEM)
Published in DKUM: 11.03.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 4
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5. Development of Methodology for Estimation of Energy-Efficient Building Renovation Using Application of MINLP-Optimized Timber–Glass Upgrade ModulesMaja Lešnik Nedelko, Stojan Kravanja, Miroslav Premrov, Vesna Žegarac Leskovar, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Vertical addition to already-existing structures is an approach to energy-efficient building renovation. It presents an opportunity for the densification of built-up areas and the construction of new usable spaces. While many studies have dealt with the subject of renovating buildings with a focus on energy efficiency, far fewer studies have specifically examined the potential of vertically extending existing buildings, an approach which could be introduced in new sustainable building policies. The objective of this study is to redevelop optimal timber–glass upgrade modules, considering the ideal proportions of glazing for all cardinal directions, by using discrete Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming optimization. The novelty of the suggested method resides in the synchronous optimization of the upgrade modules’ daylighting and energy-efficiency performance, resulting in the creation of optimization methods that can determine the optimal glazing proportions for all cardinal directions and incorporate rational design and window measurement. The impact of the developed Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming-optimized upgrade modules is compared to previously designed optimized upgrade modules. Finally, a methodology for estimating the energy efficiency of building renovations incorporating vertical additions using the timber–glass upgrade modules was developed, supporting the quick assessment of the reduction in hybrid buildings’ energy consumption for heating and cooling according to boundary conditions, presuming that they undergo the suggested renovations. The findings are applicable (not exclusively) to Slovenia’s residential building stock, which makes up around 20% of the country’s current housing stock and was mainly constructed between 1946 and 1970. This offers a substantial opportunity to improve the overall sustainability and energy efficiency of the country’s housing stock. The proposed approach offers a holistic solution to drive sustainable development in the built environment by incorporating all three pillars of sustainability (environmental, social, and economic).
Keywords: energy efficient building renovation, energy efficiency, building vertical addition, timber–glass upgrade modules, mixed-integer non-linear programming, MINLP, optimization, visual comfort, energy sustainability
Published in DKUM: 16.01.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 5
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6. Assessment of in-plane timber floor stiffness as structural diaphragms: a numerical approach to lateral load responseJelena Vilotijević, Miroslav Premrov, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: The behaviour of horizontal floor diaphragms plays a crucial role in ensuring the overall response of a building during earthquakes, as the stiffness of these diaphragms determines whether the structure will act as an integrated system. If the diaphragms do not exhibit sufficient stiffness, differences in the redistribution of forces on wall elements arise, increasing the risk of significant deformations and even local damage, which is commonly observed in earthquake-affected areas. Additionally, flexible diaphragms heighten the risk of torsional effects. Due to these factors, more attention should be given to the response of buildings with flexible diaphragms. Eurocode standard specifies general requirements under which diaphragms should be considered rigid within their plane, depending on the maximum diaphragm moment. However, specific guidelines regarding the geometric and material properties of elements that significantly impact seismic behaviour are not included in the existing European standards. This served as a basis for conducting a numerical study analysing the in-plane behaviour of floor elements made from different materials. This study, limited to a simple box-shaped structure with masonry walls, symmetrical in both orthogonal directions, evaluated and thoroughly analysed the deformations for different types of diaphragms, including prefabricated wooden frame-panel floors, CLT panels, and reinforced concrete slabs. Special emphasis was placed on wooden structural elements due to the increased demand for timber construction, as the behaviour of these elements needs to be properly studied, especially in seismic regions. The study results were obtained through FEM analysis using the SCIA Engineer software, version 22. The modelling of elements was carried out considering the orthotropy of brick wall and wooden ceiling elements, as well as simulating the appropriate shear stiffness of the connecting means.
Keywords: horizontal diaphragms, floor flexibility, lateral load resisting system, timber frame-panel floor, cross-laminated timber, concrete slab, seismic design
Published in DKUM: 10.01.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 17
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7. Potresna odpornost in predlog sanacije dijaškega doma v Celju : magistrsko deloLaura Šeligo, 2024, master's thesis Abstract: Magistrska naloga obravnava potresno odpornost in predlog sanacije Dijaškega doma v Celju.
Objekt je bil sprojektiran leta 1977, ko so na slovenskem območju veljala pravila o dimenzioniranju in izvedbi gradbenih objektov v potresnih območjih, ki so bila objavljena v Uradnem listu Socialistične republike Slovenije leta 1963.
S potresno analizo v programu Tower smo ugotovili, da objekt po trenutno veljavnem standardu Eurocode 8 ni potresno odporen. Zato smo v nalogi predlagali dve možnosti sanaciji.
Prva vključuje spremembo konstrukcijskega sistema iz torzijsko podajnega v sistem nepovezanih (konzolnih) sten, s čimer smo povečali dejavnik obnašanja in zmanjšali potresno obtežbo na vpetju konstrukcije.
V okviru predloga sanacije 2 smo upoštevali obstoječo arhitekturno zasnovo in dodali nove nosilne stene tako, da nismo vplivali na trenutno razporeditev dijaških sob in skupnih prostorov. Konstrukcijski sistem se v okviru predloga sanacije 2 ni spremenil od obstoječega. Potresna obtežba je bila večja kot v obstoječi konstrukciji, vendar so bile nove stene dovolj toge, da so prevzele več potresne obremenitve kot obstoječe.
Keywords: potres, modalna analiza, duktilne stene, potresna sanacija
Published in DKUM: 27.09.2024; Views: 0; Downloads: 63
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8. Primerjava potresne analize zidane stavbe z linearno elastičnim in nelinearnim modelom v programih Tower 8 in SCIA Engineer 21 : magistrsko deloDubravko Andrašek, 2024, master's thesis Abstract: Magistrsko delo se osredotoča predvsem na primerjalno potresno analizo zidane stavbe z linearno in nelinearno analizo. Potresna naliza je bila izvedena s programsko opremo Tower 8 in SCIA Engineer 21. Parametri, ki smo jih primerjali, vključujejo potek notranjih statičnih obremenitev, skupne pomike in togost celotne konstrukcije. Pomembno je omeniti, da so bili rezultati primerjani le za določene stene. Ugotovili smo, da Tower 8 pokaže padec notranjih statičnih obremenitev pri stiku navpičnih nosilnih elementov, medtem ko smo s programsko opremo SCIA Enginee 21r dobili bolj kritične rezultate. Prav tako smo opazili, da Tower 8 ne omogoča izvedbe nelinearne analize za ploskovne elemente. SCIA Engineer 21 omogoča nelinearno analizo, vendar le z uporabo kvazistatičnega pristopa, ki prinaša bistveno bolj kritične rezultate. Dodatno smo z linearno analizo v programskem paketu Tower 8 primerjali rezultate potresne analize na dveh dodatnih modelih. Prvi model je upošteval parapete in preklade pri modeliranju, medtem ko je drugi model vključeval zmanjšano vrednost modula elastičnosti.
Keywords: potresna analiza, Tower 8, SCIA Engineer 21, linearna analiza, nelinearna analiza, zidana stavba
Published in DKUM: 30.05.2024; Views: 193; Downloads: 125
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9. Razvoj metodologije za ocenjevanje energijske učinkovitosti prenove stavb z uporabo leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje : doctoral dissertationMaja Lešnik Nedelko, 2024, doctoral dissertation Abstract: Doktorska disertacija obravnava razvoj metodologije za ocenjevanje energijsko učinkovite prenove stavb z uporabo leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje. Z uporabo preprostih diagramov in enačb omogoča hitro oceno prihrankov potrebne energije za ogrevanje in hlajenje nadgrajenih (hibridnih) stavb na podlagi robnih pogojev (značilnosti leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje in obstoječih stavb) ob predpostavki, da so stavbe prenovljene na predlagani način. V skladu s tem je bila izvedena sistematična analiza različnih konstrukcijskih parametrov energetsko učinkovitih leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje (kot so etažnost, toplotna prehodnost konstrukcijskih elementov, velikost in orientacija zasteklitve, razmerje pokritosti strehe, itd.) in obstoječih stavb (etažnost, orientacija, tipologija stavb, itd.), za katere smo domnevali, da pomembno vplivajo na obseg vpliva ukrepa nadgradnje na energijsko učinkovitost celotne hibridne stavbe.
Cilj te doktorske disertacije je tudi na novo opredeliti t.i. "optimalne" leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje, ki bi ustrezali različnim tipologijam, dimenzijam in orientacijam obstoječim stavb ter bi jih bilo tako mogoče uporabiti pri sodobnem arhitekturnem oblikovanju stavb, pri čemer bi poleg energijske učinkovitosti upoštevali tudi vizualno udobje.
Raziskava je bila izvedena v štirih glavnih delih; prvi del obravnava analizo izbranih obstoječih stavb in njihovo prenovo. Drugi del obravnava zasnovo leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje, ki pa jo lahko razdelimo na dva dela. Prvi del sledi metodologiji, uporabljeni v doktorski nalogi Tine Špegelj (parametrična numerična študija), v drugem delu pa je bil razvit nov pristop, ki temelji na metodologiji optimizacije MINLP in je bil uporabljen za določitev optimalne zasnove leseno-steklenih modulov nadgradnje. V tretjem delu so razviti leseno-stekleni moduli nadgradnje uporabljeni na prenovljenih stavba, da bi analizirali njihov vpliv in posplošili rezultate, kar je v četrtem delu privedlo do razvoja metodologije za ocenjevanje energijsko učinkovite prenove stavb.
Rezultati raziskave lahko služijo arhitektom, projektantom, gradbenim inženirjem in drugim strokovnjakom v zgodnjih fazah načrtovanja projektov prenove.
Keywords: energijska učinkovitost, prenova stavb, vertikalna nadgradnja stavb, leseno-stekleni modul nadgradnje, optimizacija zasnove, mešano celoštevilsko nelinearno programiranje
Published in DKUM: 06.05.2024; Views: 237; Downloads: 70
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10. Numerical analysis of the racking behaviour of multi-storey timber-framed buildings considering load-bearing function of double-skin façade elementsMiroslav Premrov, Erika Kozem Šilih, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: The paper presents an innovative approach in the modelling of multi-storey timber-framed buildings, where double-skin façade elements (DSF) are additionally considered as load-bearing wall elements against a horizontal load impact. The mathematical model with a fictive diagonal element developed for timber-framed wall elements with classical oriented strand boards (OSB) or fibre–plaster sheathing boards (FPB) is upgraded for DSF elements. The diameter of the fictive diagonal is determined with either experimental results or numerically obtained results using the time-consuming FEM model with elastic spring elements, which simulates the bonding line between the timber frame and both glazing panes. In the second part of the study, the numerical analysis of a specially selected three-storey timber-framed building was performed using the developed mathematical model with fictive diagonal elements. Two alternative calculations were performed with the DSF elements as non-resisting and racking-resisting wall elements. It was demonstrated on the selected case that the racking resistance (R) of a building can essentially increase up to 35% if DSF elements are considered as resisting wall elements. As a secondary goal of the study, it is also important to point out that by using DSF elements as racking-resisting elements, the distortion in the first floor essentially decreased. It is demonstrated on the selected numerical example that this torsional influence decreased notably (by almost 18%) when the load-bearing DSF elements were used for seismic excitation in the X direction. Therefore, such an approach can open new perspectives in designing multi-storey timber-framed buildings with a more attractive and dynamic floor plan and structure.
Keywords: sustainability, timber, structures, multi-storey, numerical analysis, DSF, racking resistance
Published in DKUM: 19.03.2024; Views: 225; Downloads: 39
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