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Abstract: Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium L.) is a widespread troublesome perennial weed species that has strong rhizome regenerative capacity. Four pot trials with randomised, complete block designs were conducted in 2015 to evaluate long-term control of hedge bindweed using individual, tank mixture, and sequential applications of selected herbicides. Two different formulations of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate; isopropylamine, trimesium salts) were applied at 2000 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1. Additionally, two synthetic auxins were applied as 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) at 500 g a.i. ha−1 and the dimethylamine salt of (2,4 dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 1000 g a.i. ha−1. Tank mixtures and sequential applications (12/24 h separation) of these different herbicides were also included. Long-term control of hedge bindweed, Calystegia sepium L., growth was evaluated 8 months after treatments, as comparisons of shoot and rhizome growth (biomass) between untreated and treated plants. There were no differences between the two formulations of glyphosate alone, with shoot and rhizome biomass reductions of 83% and 42%, respectively. Dicamba alone inhibited shoot and rhizome biomass by 86% and 67%, respectively. By itself, 2,4-D provided the greatest reductions in shoot and rhizome biomasses, 93% and 79%, respectively. Antagonism was seen in the tank mixtures of glyphosate and dicamba or 2,4-D. Tank mixtures were generally comparable to treatments of glyphosate alone, and were less effective compared to dicamba or 2,4-D alone. The greatest reduction of bindweed rhizome biomass was for sequential glyphosate trimesium salt followed by 2,4-D 12 h later, thus showing significantly greater efficacy over glyphosate isopropylamine salt (94% vs. 84%; p ≤ 0.05). These data for reductions of the growth of the rhizome biomass show that the sequential application of glyphosate followed by 2,4-D significantly improves long-term control of hedge bindweed.
Keywords: hedge bindweed, perennial weeds, rhizome control, weed management, herbicide efficacy
Published in DKUM: 24.01.2025; Views: 0; Downloads: 5
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Abstract: V magistrskem delu smo testirali vpliv cemprinovega lesa na rast gliv in oblikovanje spor Aspergillus niger ter Penicillium roqueforte. Vpliv lesa smo testirali tako, da smo glive inkubirali v škatlah iz cemprinovega lesa. Kot primerjalno kontrolo za analizo rasti gliv smo uporabili še škatle iz bukovega in smrekovega lesa, plastike in čisto eterično olje cemprina. Največji zaviralni učinek na rast testiranih gliv smo opazili v škatlah iz cemprinovega lesa, sledile so plastične škatle z dodatkom eteričnega olja cemprina. Rast gliv v drugih škatlah je bila primerljiva. Cemprinov les je imel največji zaviralni učinek na rast glive P. roqueforte, hkrati pa je zavrl tudi oblikovanje spor gliv. Cemprinov les ima zaradi svojih protiglivnih lastnosti potencial za uporabo v živilski industriji kot material za izdelavo škatel za shranjevanje kruha in končnih pekovskih izdelkov, kjer sta pojav in kvar zaradi plesni pogosta.
Keywords: Pinus cembra, cemprin, Penicillium roqueforte, Aapergillus niger, protiglivno delovanje
Published in DKUM: 03.09.2024; Views: 47; Downloads: 29
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Abstract: As a result of worried consumer pressure, European supermarket chains (ESC) have developed very strict rules about the number and concentration of pesticide active substance residues (AS) accepted in fruits. So-called fruit quality toxicological burden indicators were developed. If fruit suppliers do not comply with ESC requirements, their fruit is often rejected. It is becoming increasingly difficult for apple producers to meet all the requirements of the ESC, so they need new residue reduction tools. One of the options to lower the concentrations of residue on apples is a preharvest application of low-risk preparations (LRP) based on potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) = PBC, coconut di-ethanol amide ((CH3(CH2)nC(=O)N(CH2CH2OH)2) = DEA, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = HP, and a mixture of microbes (EM) that have the ability to dissolve or disintegrate the AS residue. Trials were carried out to test the concept mentioned above. The application of LRP during the last four weeks of preharvest significantly reduced the residue concentration of pesticide AS in apples. Reduction rates among 25 active substances ranged from 0 to 100%, depending on the combination of LRP and AS. HP had the highest capacity to accelerate AS degradation, PB was the second most efficient, and DEA and EM displayed a low residue disintegration ability. The application of the tested LRP can enable apple growers to produce fruits with significantly lower residue concentrations and allows them to comply more successfully with strict ESC rules based on the calculations of toxicological burden indicators.
Keywords: hydrogen peroxide, potassium bicarbonate, effective microbes, detergent, pesticide residues, fruit marketing rules
Published in DKUM: 19.04.2024; Views: 253; Downloads: 4
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Abstract: The long-term use of copper (Cu) fungicides in viticulture in Europe has led to Cu accumulation in vineyard top soils. However, less is known about the accumulation of Cu in grapevine grafts after the callusing process/before planting in the nursery. This paper presents the capacity of 5BB and SO4 rootstocks to accumulate Cu, as well as the patterns of translocation in the grafts. After heat forcing (callusing), the grapevine grafts of Sauvignon Blanc on 5BB and SO4 rootstocks were grown in pots for six months in a glasshouse and exposed to various Cu formulations (Cu-oxychloride, Cu-gluconate) and concentrations in peat (50, 150, 500, and 1000 mg Cu of dry weight (DW)). In addition to monitoring the shoot growth dynamics and analyzing the copper content in graft organs, bioaccumulation (BAFs) and translocation factors (TFs) of Cu were calculated. The mean Cu concentrations were ranked as follows: roots (15–164) > rootstock trunks (8–38) > canes (5–21) mg kg−1 DW. The Cu concentrations depended on the Cu formulation and concentration in the substrate. Higher Cu content was found in the roots of both rootstocks (5BB and SO4, 23–155 and 15–164 mg kg−1 DW, respectively) and the lowest in the canes (less than 10 mg kg−1 DW) of grafts grown in Cu-oxychloride-treated peat. Based on the BAFs and TFs, both rootstocks could be considered as Cu exclusive. A higher translocation rate was determined in systemic Cu-gluconate and SO4 rootstock. With shoot length measurements, the significant inhibitory effects of Cu on grapevine grafts growth could not be confirmed, despite the inhibitory effects that were clearly expressed in the first two months of growth. Soils containing more than 500 mg Cu/kg−1 are less suitable for growing vine grafts.
Keywords: grapevine grafts, copper accumulation, Cu-oxychloride, Cu-gluconate, 5BB and SO4 rootstocks
Published in DKUM: 08.12.2023; Views: 457; Downloads: 30
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Abstract: V letu 2021 smo izvedli poljska poskusa, v katerih smo preučevali učinkovitost ekološkega in integriranega škropilnega programa na zatiranje stenice marmorirane smrdljivke (Halyomorpha halys Stål) v dveh ločenih nasadih jablan na Primorskem. Ocenjevali smo velikost populacije odrasle stenice, njenih ličink in delež plodov s poškodbami v 9- do 12-dnevnih presledkih. Škropilni program v ekološkem nasadu, temelječ na rastlinskih izvlečkih, naravnih piretrinih, spinosadu, kaolinu, naravnih milih in azadirahtinu, je bil v povprečju med 45- in 66-odstotno učinkovit za zatiranje stenic in je za 65 do 78 odstotkov zmanjšal delež plodov s poškodbami ob obiranju. Pri dveh integriranih škropilnih programih, temelječih na uporabi snovi acetamiprid, deltametrin, fosmet, spinosad in rastlinskih izvlečkov, smo dosegli od 69- do 93-odstotno učinkovitost pri zatiranju odraslih stenic. Uporaba pripravkov v integriranem programu je za 70 do 80 odstotkov zmanjšala delež plodov, poškodovanih od stenic, ob obiranju. Iz podatkov, ki smo jih dobili v poskusu, lahko sklepamo, da so lahko škropilni programi, ki temeljijo na podlagi testiranih razpoložljivih aktivnih snovi, do 80-odstotno učinkoviti. To kaže, da zgolj z uporabo testiranih pripravkov ni možno zagotoviti dovolj temeljitega zatiranja stenice. Hkrati je z uporabo insekticidov treba izvajati še druge biotične in biotehniške metode zatiranja.
Keywords: marmorirana smrdljivka, kemično zatiranje, jablana
Published in DKUM: 04.07.2023; Views: 744; Downloads: 56
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